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ptmr8cÈ€ˆï color popŽŽ‘ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïHps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:77) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end½HTB–€queue“-“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïHps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:78) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endhttp://luxik.cdi.cz/~deÀvik/qos/htb/ŽŸ*8ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïHps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:79) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ ÕÈ‘Nota:–êû€è“stato“sešÙ gnalato“che“i“kægernel“dalla“v˜ersione“2.4.18-3“distibÌÐuiti“con“Mandrakæge“(8.1,“8.2)“sono“gi€à“patchatiŽ¡‘per‘€l'HTB.Ž¦ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïHps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:80) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end¤ÕÈ‘ ïcolor push BlackÈ€ˆï color popŽŽ‘ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïHps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:81) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end½IMQ–€deÀvice“-“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïHps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:82) cvn H.B 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‘l'esistente–Cqueue“sch_prio.“€È›*stato“scoperto“successi•Àv“amente–Cche“questa“patch“non“era“necessaria.“A˜parte“ci€ò“il“nuoÙ vÌÐoŽ¡‘metodo–ídescritto“in“questo“documento“vi“dar€à“migliori“risultati“(sebbene“durante“la“stesura“di“questo“documento“sianoŽ¡‘necessarie–€ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïHps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:87) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endÄ2“½patch“del“kægernel.“:)“Buon“patching.)ŽŽŽŽ’Ú„IñàŽŸ‰ÜŽŽŽŽŸïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïHps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:88) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ#…Ã2.2.‘ÈScÛ$hemaïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 18.72 H.A endïKps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (1.2.8.2) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽŸaAïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïHps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:90) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ Ñò½Per–Úæfægacilitare“le“cose,“tutti“i“riferimenti“ai“dispositiÀvi“di“rete“e“le“congurazioni“in“questo“documento“si“riferiranno“alŽŸ seÙ guente‘€schema:ŽŸ *8ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 11.7 H.A endïHps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:91) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ ˆû‘Pÿúó‰š pcrr8tÉ<--–ff128kbit/s‘ fd--------------‘ÿþ<--“10Mbit“-->Ž¤ ³3‘ ÌÌInternet–ff<-------------------->“|“ADSL“Modem“|“<--------------------Ž¡‘Vf`1.5Mbit/s‘ff-->‘ÿþ--------------‘qf^|Ž¡’t™~|‘ffeth0Ž¡’t™~VŽ¡’3̶-----------------Ž¡’3̶|‘Pÿú|Ž¡’3̶|–ffLinux“Router‘ ÌÌ|Ž¡’3̶|‘Pÿú|Ž¡’3̶-----------------Ž¡’93|–ff..“|“eth1..ethNŽ¡’93|‘™˜|Ž¡’93V‘™˜VŽ¡¡’(ÿêRete‘ffLocaleŽ¡Ÿ ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïHps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:92) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽŸ0‘Hïcolor push Black’ÏÄ4ŽŽŽŽŽŽŽ’Ôï color popŽŽŒ‹#,¨‘·ºâŸ·ºâïþps:SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end ç ýU‘Hïcolor push Blackïcolor push gray 0ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push gray 0ï color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïJps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.5) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endï color popŸüfd’2dÄADSL–€Bandwidth“Mana•ægg“ement‘€HO‘ÿÿWTÑðOŽŽŽŽŽŽŽ’Ôï color popŽŽ { ýš9‘HÃ2.3.–ÈLe“Code“P•‘oaccÛ$hetto(P“ac¶Jket‘ÈQueues)ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 18.72 H.A endïKps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (1.2.9.2) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽ‘HŸ .Cïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïHps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:94) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ ð½Le–³ùCode“PÙ acchetto“sono“contenitori“che“mantengono“i“dati“per“un“dispositiÀvÌÐo“di“rete“quando“essi“non“possono“essereŽ¤ immediatamente–4Bin™Ÿviati.“La“maggior“parte“delle“Code“PÙ acchetto“utilizzano“una“disciplina“FIFO‘4.(rst“in,“rst“out)a“me-Ž¡no–T±che“non“siano“state“congurate“per“fægare“altrimenti.“Questo“signica“che“quando“la“Coda“PÙ acchetto“di“un“particolareŽ¡dešÀvice–š€è“completamente“piena,“il“pacchetto“pi€ù“recente“posto“in“essa“sar€à“in™Ÿviato“al“dispositi˜vÌÐo“solo“dopo“che“tutti“gliŽ¡altri–€pacchetti“nella“coda“in“quel“momento“saranno“stati“in™Ÿviati.ŽŸ*8ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïHps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:95) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ obÀ2.3.1.‘UüL‘þQó'Upstreamïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 15.6 H.A endïMps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (1.2.9.1.3) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽŸ{ãïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïHps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:97) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ „½Con–Ñ×un“modem“ADSL,“la“larÑðghezza“di“banda“€è“asimmetrica“con“1.5Mbit/s“di“doÀwnstream“e“128kbit/sec“di“upstreamŽ¡tipici.–¤9Bench€é“questa“sia“la“vÙ elocit€à“della“linea,“l'interfægaccia“tra“il“Router“Linux“e“il“modem“ADSL‘£î€è“tipicamenteŽ¡prossima–Š—ai“10Mbit/s.“Se“l'interfšægaccia“con“la“rete“locale“€è“lo“stesso“a“10Mbit/s,“ci“sar€à“tipicamente“un“NO‘Š”Q˜UEUINGŽ¡sul–©srouter“quando“i“pacchetti“vÀanno“dalla“Rete“Locale“a“Internet.“I‘©&pacchetti“sono“in™Ÿviati“fuori“da“eth0“alla“stessaŽ¡vÙ elocit€à–_a“cui“sono“stati“ricešÀvuti“dalla“Rete“Locale.“Di˜všÙ ersamente“sul“modem“ADSL,“i“pacchetti“v˜engono“messi“inŽ¡coda,–Øídato“che“essi“arri•Àv“ano–Øía“10Mbit/s“e“possono“essere“in™Ÿviati“solo“a“128kbit/s.“Nell'eÀvšÙ entualit€à“la“Coda“P˜acchettoŽ¡sul–Š*modem“ADSL‘Š(diÀvšÙ enta“piena“e“ogni“pacchetto“in“pi€ù“in™Ÿviatogli“v˜err€à“silenziosamente“scartato.“Il“TCP‘Š(€è“progettatoŽ¡per–ÂošÙ vviare“a“questo“problema“e“pro˜vv˜eder€à“ad“aggiustare“la“dimensione“della“nestra“di“trasmissione“per“ottenere“ilŽ¡massimo–€vÀantaggio“dalla“banda“disponibile.Ž©*8ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïHps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:98) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ ÕÈMentre–¨-le“Code“PÙ acchetto“combinate“con“il“TCP‘¨"danno“come“risultato“un“pi€ù“eciente“uso“della“larÑðghezza“di“banda,Ž¡grandi–€code“FIFO“possono“aumentare“la“latenza“per“il“traco“di“tipo“interattiÀvÌÐo.Ž¦ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïHps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:99) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ ÕÈUn–÷Úaltro“tipo“di“coda“con“una“disciplina“alquanto“simile“a“FIFO‘÷»viene“detta“coda“di“priorit€à“n-band“(n-band“priorityŽ¡queue).–éIn“questo“caso,“in™ŸvšÙ ece“di“aÌÐv˜ere“una“sola“coda“do˜v˜e“mettere“i“dati,“la“coda“di“priorit€à“n-band“ha“n“code“FIFOŽ¡nelle–0Oquali“i“pacchetti“sono“messi“a“seconda“della“loro“classicazione.“Ogni“coda“ha“una“priorit€à“e“i“pacchetti“sonoŽ¡sempre–Îin™Ÿviati“a“partire“dalla“coda“con“priorit€à“pi€ù“alta“che“ne“contiene.“Utilizzando“questa“disciplina“i“pacchetti“FTPŽ¡possono–qüessere“messi“in“una“coda“con“priorit€à“pi€ù“bassa“rispetto“a“pacchetti“telnet“cosi“che“durante“un“FTP‘qøupload,“unŽ¡singolo–€pacchetto“telnet“pu€ò“saltare“la“coda“ed“essere“in™Ÿviato“immediatamente.Ž¦ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïIps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:100) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ ÕÈQuesto–µ­documento“€è“stato“rišÀvisto“per“utilizzare“una“nuoÙ v˜a“coda“di“linux“chiamata“Hierarchical“T‘ÿ37okšægen“Buck˜et“(HTB).Ž¡La–|ìcoda“HTB“€è“qualcosa“in“pi€ù“rispetto“alla“coda“n-band“descritta“sopra,“e“ha“la“capacit€à“di“limitare“il“tasso“di“tracoŽ¡in–‘$ciascuna“classe.“In“aggiunta,“ha“anche“la“possibilit€à“di“creare“classi“di“traco“al“di“sotto“di“altre“classi“creando“unaŽ¡gerarchia.–»™La“descrizione“completa“di“HTB‘»ŠvšÀa“oltre“lo“scopo“di“questo“documento,“maggiori“informazioni“si“troÙ v˜anoŽ¡presso‘€ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïIps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:101) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endhttp://www‘ÿY .lartc.orÑðgŽ¦ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïIps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:102) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ!obÀ2.3.2.–UüIl“DoÑównstreamïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 15.6 H.A endïMps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (1.2.9.2.3) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽŸ&aïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïIps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:104) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ ÙŸ½Il–^ªtraco“entrante“sul“vÌÐostro“modem“ADSL‘^¡viene“messo“in“coda“all'incirca“come“il“traco“uscente“,“in“questo“caso“laŽ¡coda–S¦sta“dal“všÌÐostro“ISP‘þã×.“A‘S›causa“di“ci€ò,“probabilmente“non“a˜všÙ ete“il“controllo“diretto“di“come“i“pacchetti“v˜engono“messiŽ¡in–Jšcoda“o“quale“tipo“di“traco“richiede“trattamento“preferenziale.“L‘ÿ'unico“modo“di“mantenere“la“latenza“bassa“€è“essereŽ¡sicuri–ËÜche“gli“utenti“non“in™Ÿviino“dati“troppo“vÙ elocemente.“Sfortunatamente,“non“c'€è“modo“di“controllare“direttamenteŽ¡la––üvÙ elocit€à“a“cui“i“pacchetti“arri•Àv“ano,––ütuttašÌÐvia“da“quando“la“gran“parte“del“traco“sulle“v˜ostre“reti“€è“costituita“dal“TCP‘þã×,Ž¡ci–€sono“alcuni“modi“di“rallentare“chi“in™Ÿvia“i“dati:Žž”ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïIps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:105) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïIps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:106) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸælïcolor push BlackÆ€ˆï color popŽŽ‘ ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïIps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:107) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end½Scartare–BTintenzionalmente“pacchetti“entranti“-“il“TCP‘B"€è“progettato“per“ottenere“il“massimo“vÀantaggio“dalla“bandaŽ¡‘ disponibile–Ñ]e“allo“stesso“tempo“eÀvitare“la“congestione“del“link.“Questo“signica“che“durante“un“trasferimento“,Ž¡‘ TCP›¹in™Ÿvia–ÂÊuna“sempre“maggiore“quantit€à“di“dati“no“a“che“eÀvÙ entualmente“un“pacchetto“viene“scartato.“TCP˜riesceŽŽŸ0‘Hïcolor push Black’ÏÄ5ŽŽŽŽŽŽŽ’Ôï color popŽŽŒ‹#EÇ‘·ºâŸ·ºâïþps:SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end ç ýU‘Hïcolor push Blackïcolor push gray 0ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push gray 0ï color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïJps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.6) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endï color popŸüfdŸ÷™œïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïIps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:125) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸfd’2dÄADSL–€Bandwidth“Mana•ægg“ement‘€HO‘ÿÿWTÑðOŽŽŽŽŽŽŽ’Ôï color popŽŽ { ýš‘R½a›³ rile•Àv“are˜questo˜e˜di˜conseÙ guenza˜riduce˜la˜sua˜nestra˜di˜trasmissione.˜Questo˜ciclo˜continua˜durante˜tutto˜ilŽ¤ ‘Rprocesso–€e“assicura“che“i“dati“všÙ engó7ano“spostati“il“pi€ù“v˜elocemente“possibile.Ž‘H©*8ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïIps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:108) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸÕÈïcolor push BlackÆ€ˆï color popŽŽ‘ ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïIps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:109) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end½Manipolare–lÐgli“aÌÐvvisi“di“ricezione“nestra“-“Durante“un“trasferimento“TCP‘l“,“il“riceÀvÙ ente“in™Ÿvia“indietro“un“ussoŽ¡‘ continuo–¶Šdi“pacchetti“di“acknoÀwledgment“(Aš™ŸCK).“Inclusi“in“questi“pacchetti“A˜CK‘¶:c'€è“un“aÌÐvviso“di“dimensioneŽ¡‘ nestra–͆il“quale“dichiara“il“totale“massimo“di“dati“non“riconosciuti“che“il“riceÀvšÙ ente“do˜vrebbe“in™Ÿviare.“ManipolandoŽ¡‘ la–Gœdimensione“nestra“dei“pacchetti“Aš™ŸCK‘GŽuscenti“possiamo“intenzionalmente“rallentare“chi“in˜via“i“dati.“AttualmenteŽ¡‘ non–yc'€è“nessuna“(libera)“implementazione“per“questo“tipo“di“controllo“di“usso“su“Linux“(Comunque“potrei“la•ÌÐv“orarciŽ¡‘ su!).ŽŸÊ8ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïRps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:HOW-IT-WORKS) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ+¢T¿3.–ͽCome“Funzionaïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 22.464 H.A endïIps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (1.3.1) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽŸÛïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïIps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:112) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ È»½Ci–cusono“due“passi“fondamentali“per“ottimizzare“la“larÑðghezza“di“banda“upstream.“Per“primo“dobbiamo“troÙ vÀare“un“modoŽ¡per–ª]preÀvÙ enire“che“il“modem“ADSL‘ªRmetta“in“coda“pacchetti“no“a“che“non“abbiamo“il“controllo“su“come“esso“la“tratti.Ž¡Per–‹fægare“questo“došÙ vremo“limitare“la“quantit€à“di“dati“che“il“router“in™Ÿvia“su“eth0“per“rimanere“le˜ggermente“sotto“rispettoŽ¡alla–„™larÑðghezza“di“banda“totale“dell'upstream“del“modem“ADSL.“Questo“risulter€à“nell'aÌÐvÙ ere“il“router“che“mette“in“codaŽ¡pacchetti–€che“arri•Àv“ano–€dalla“Rete“Locale“pi€ù“vÙ elocemente“di“quanto“esso“possa“in™Ÿviarne.ŽŸ*8ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïIps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:113) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ ÕÈIl–)vsecondo“passo“consiste“nell'inserire“una“priorit€à“di“disciplina“di“coda“sul“router‘ÿs8.“Studieremo“una“coda“che“pu€ò“essereŽ¡congurata–€per“dare“priorit€à“al“traco“interattiÀvÌÐo“come“il“telnet“o“i“giochi“in“modalit€à“multi-player‘ÿs8.ŽŸGŸÆ ‰ÜŸ<ñà„<ñàŸý‘ŸÉ ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïIps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:114) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïIps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:115) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸǨ‘Utilizzando–±Þla“coda“HTB‘±possiamo“realizzare“lo“shaping“della“larÑðghezza“di“banda“e“la“priorit€à“di“messa“in“codaŽ¡‘allo–ê|stesso“tempo“assicurando“anche“nel“mentre“che“nessuna“priorit€à“di“classe“rimangó7a“senza“banda.“Evitare“questoŽ¡‘fenomeno–€non“era“possibile“utilizzando“il“metodo“ešÀvidenziato“nella“re˜visione“0.1“di“questo“documento.ŽŽŽŽ’Ú„<ñàŽŸ‰ÜŽŽŽŽŸïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïIps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:116) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ Il–€passo“nale“€è“di“congurare“il“reÀwægall“per“asseÙ gnare“la“priorit€à“ai“pacchetti“utilizzando“il“campo“fwmark.Ž¦ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïIps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:117) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ%ZçÃ3.1.–ÈLimitare“il“traco“uscente“con“LinÛ$ux“HTBïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 18.72 H.A endïLps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (1.3.10.2) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽŸaAïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïIps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:119) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ Ñò½Sebbene–qìla“connessione“tra“il“router“e“il“modem“€è“a“10Mbit/s,“il“modem“€è“capace“di“in™Ÿviare“dati“solo“a“128kbit/s.Ž¡Ogni–,adato“che“ecceda“questa“quota“vÙ err€à“messo“in“coda“sul“modem.“In“questo“modo,“un“pacchetto“ping“in™Ÿviato“dalŽ¡router–œÁpu€ò“andare“al“modem“immediatamente,“ma“pu€ò“impieÙ gó7are“qualche“secondo“per“essere“in™Ÿviato“eetti•Àv“amente‘œÁaŽ¡Internet–¿se“la“coda“del“modem“ha“qualche“pacchetto“al“suo“interno.“Sfortunatamente“molti“modem“ADSL‘¾ônon“hannoŽ¡nessun–8®meccanismo“per“specicare“come“i“pacchetti“sono“le•Àv“ati–8®dalla“coda“o“quanto“sia“larÑðgó7a“questa,“cos€ì“il“nostroŽ¡primo–X-obbiettiÀvÌÐo“€è“spostare“il“luogo“do•Ù v“e–X-i“pacchetti“in“uscita“sono“messi“in“coda“da“qualche“parte“do•Ù v“e‘X-possiamoŽ¡aÌÐvÙ ere–€maggior“controllo“su“di“essa.Ž©*8ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïIps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:120) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ ÕÈPossiamo–'realizzare“questo“utilizzando“la“coda“HTB‘&øper“limitare“il“tasso“al“quale“in™Ÿviamo“i“pacchetti“al“modem“ADSL.Ž¡Anche–8?se“la“nostra“larÑðghezza“di“banda“upstream“pu€ò“essere“128kbit/s“doÙ vremo“limitare“il“vÀalore“al“quale“in™Ÿviamo“iŽ¡pacchetti–¥per“fægare“in“modo“che“sia“leÙ ggermente“inferiore“a“questo.“Se“vÌÐogliamo“abbassare“la“latenza“dobbiamo“essereŽ¡SICURI‘ˆche–¯neanche“un“singolo“pacchetto“sia“messo“in“coda“sul“modem.“T¦gramite“pro•Ù v“e–¯ho“scoperto“che“limitare“ilŽ¡traco–íuscente“a“circa“90kbit/s“mi“da“quasi“il“95%“della“larÑðghezza“di“banda“che“posso“ottenere“senza“il“controllo“diŽ¡tasso–XRHTB.“Con“HTB‘XHabilitato“a“questo“všÀalore,“pre˜vÙ eniamo“la“messa“in“coda“dei“pacchetti“da“parte“del“modem“ADSL.Ž¦ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïIps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:121) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽŸ0‘Hïcolor push Black’ÎÊ@Ä6ŽŽŽŽŽŽŽ’Ôï color popŽŽŒ‹#aÇ‘·ºâŸ·ºâïþps:SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end ç ýU‘Hïcolor push Blackïcolor push gray 0ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push gray 0ï color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïJps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.7) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endï color popŸüfd’2dÄADSL–€Bandwidth“Mana•ægg“ement‘€HO‘ÿÿWTÑðOŽŽŽŽŽŽŽ’Ôï color popŽŽ { ýšÝ\‘HÃ3.2.–ÈPriorit€à“di“messa“in“coda“con“HTBïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 18.72 H.A endïLps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (1.3.11.2) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽ¤‘H¤ý‰Ÿ„¡Ž‘„ŽŸ‰ŽŽŽŽ¡‘H½A‘ØPquesto–Ø©punto“non“abbiamo“ancora“realizzato“nessun“cambiamento“nella“performance.“Abbiamo“semplicementeŽ¤ ‘Hspostato–Vla“coda“FIFO›/dal“modem“ADSL˜al“router‘ÿs8.“In“eetti,“con“Linux“congurato“con“una“coda“di“defægault“di“100Ž¡‘Hpacchetti–€abbiamo“probabilmente“peÙ ggiorato“il“nostro“problema!“Ma“non“per“molto...Ž‘H©*8ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïIps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:126) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ ÕÈAd–?ƒogni“classe“adiacente“in“una“coda“HTB‘?Rpu€ò“essere“asseÙ gnata“una“priorit€à.“Mettendo“dierenti“tipi“di“traco“inŽ¡dierenti–Àkclassi“e“asseÙ gnando“a“queste“classi“dierenti“priorit€à,“possiamo“controllare“l'ordine“con“il“quale“i“pacchettiŽ¡sono›‹[le•Àv“ati˜dalla˜coda˜e˜in™Ÿviati.˜HTB‘‹Xrende˜ci€ò˜possibile,˜e“vitando˜contemporaneamente˜il˜prosciugó7amento˜delle˜altreŽ¡classi,–5poich€é“c'€è“la“possibilit€à“di“specicare“un“vÀalore“minimo“gó7arantito“per“ogni“classe.“In“aggiunta,“HTB‘5}ci“permetteŽ¡di–€dire“ad“una“particolare“classe“che“pu€ò“utilizzare“qualsiasi“larÑðghezza“di“banda“non“utilizzata“da“altre“classi“no“adŽ¡una–€certa“soglia.Ž¦ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïIps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:127) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ ÕÈUna– âvšÌÐolta“che“abbiamo“le“nostre“classi“pronte,“dobbiamo“creare“dei“ltri“per“distrib˜uire“il“traco“nelle“suddette.“CiŽ¡sono–¤`diÀvÙ ersi“modi“per“fægarlo,“ma“il“metodo“descritto“in“questo“documento“utilizza“i“pi€ù“noti“comandi“iptables/ipchainsŽ¡per–Umarcare“i“pacchetti“con“un“vÀalore“fwmark.“I›Ultri“mettono“il“traco“nelle“classi“della“coda“HTB˜basandosi“sul“loroŽ¡fwmark.–GyIn“questo“modo,“abbiamo“la“possibilit€à“di“creare“delle“matching“rules“con“iptables“per“in™Ÿviare“certi“tipi“diŽ¡traco–€a“determinate“classi.ŽŸ”ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïIps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:128) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ'k‹Ã3.3.–ÈClassicare“i“paccšÛ$hetti“uscenti“con“iptab˜lesïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 18.72 H.A endïLps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (1.3.12.2) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽŸ¤ý‰Ÿ„¡Ž‘„ŽŸ‰ŽŽŽŽŸïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïIps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:132) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ ½Il–“kpasso“nale“nella“congurazione“del“všÌÐostro“router“per“dare“priorit€à“al“traco“interattiÀv˜o“€è“creare“il“reÀwægall“perŽ¡denire–€come“il“traco“deÀvÙ e“essere“classicato.“Questo“viene“ottenuto“settando“il“campo“fwmark“del“pacchetto.Ž¦ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïIps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:133) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ ÕÈSenza–¹Pentrare“in“dettagli,“di“seÙ guito“c'€è“una“descrizione“semplicata“di“come“i“pacchetti“uscenti“possono“essere“clas-Ž¡sicati–€in“4“catešÙ gorie“con“la“0x00“aÌÐv˜ente“la“priorit€à“pi€ù“alta:Ž¤*8ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïIps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:134) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïIps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:135) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸÕÈ‘ïcolor push Black1.‘€ï color popŽŽ‘ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïIps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:136) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endMarcare–€TUTTI“i“pacchetti“come“0x03.“Questo“li“posiziona,“per“defægault,“dentro“la“coda“con“priorit€à“piu“basssa.Ž¡ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïIps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:137) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end©ÕÈ‘ïcolor push Black2.‘€ï color popŽŽ‘ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïIps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:138) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endMarcare–€i“pacchetti“ICMP“come“0x00.“V‘þµÇogliamo“pingó7are“e“mostrare“la“latenza“per“i“pacchetti“ad“alta“priorit€à.Ž¡ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïIps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:139) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end¦‘ïcolor push Black3.‘€ï color popŽŽ‘ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïIps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:140) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endMarcare–Ì+tutti“i“pacchetti“destinati“alla“porta“1024“o“inferiore“come“0x01.“Questo“da“priorit€à“ai“servizi“di“sistemaŽ¤ ‘quali–s«T‘ÿLÐelnet“e“SSH.“Anche“la“porta“di“controllo“FTP‘s§ricade“in“questo“range“comunque“i“dati“di“trasferimento“FTPŽ¡‘stanno–€su“porte“alte“e“rimangono“nella“banda“0x03.ŽŸ*8ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïIps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:141) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end¦‘ïcolor push Black4.‘€ï color popŽŽ‘ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïIps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:142) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endMarcare–£*tutti“i“pacchetti“destinati“alla“porta“25“(SMTP)‘£!come“0x03.“Se“qualcuno“in™Ÿvia“e-mail“con“grandi“alleÙ gó7atiŽ¡‘non–€všÌÐogliamo“che“aoghi“il“traco“interattiÀv˜o.ŽŸ*8ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïIps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:143) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end¦‘ïcolor push Black5.‘€ï color popŽŽ‘ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïIps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:144) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endMarcare–™tutti“i“pacchetti“destinati“a“gó7ame“servÙ er“multiplayer“come“0x02.“Questo“da“ai“giocatori“bassa“latenza“maŽ¡‘eÀvita–€loro“di“impantanare“le“applicazioni“di“sistema“che“la“richiedono.Ž©*8ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïIps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:145) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ ÕÈ‘Marcare–®ogni“pacchetto“"piccolo"“come“0x02.“PÙ acchetti“A™ŸCK‘uscenti“generati“da“došÀwnload“entranti“de˜vÌÐono“essereŽ¡‘in™Ÿviati–^Ùprontamente“per“assicurare“scaricamenti“ecienti.“Questo“€è“possibile“con“l'utilizzo“dell'iptables“lengthŽ¡‘module.ŽŸ”ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïIps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:146) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ ælOvviamente,–€tutto“ci€ò“pu€ò“essere“aggiustato“secondo“le“vÌÐostre“esigenze.Ž¦ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïIps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:147) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽŸ0‘Hïcolor push Black’ΡHÄ7ŽŽŽŽŽŽŽ’Ôï color popŽŽŒ‹#|/‘·ºâŸ·ºâïþps:SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end ç ýU‘Hïcolor push Blackïcolor push gray 0ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push gray 0ï color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïJps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.8) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endï color popŸüfd’2dÄADSL–€Bandwidth“Mana•ægg“ement‘€HO‘ÿÿWTÑðOŽŽŽŽŽŽŽ’Ôï color popŽŽ { ýš9‘HÃ3.4.–ÈQualcÛ$he“piccola“miglioria...ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 18.72 H.A endïLps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (1.3.13.2) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽ‘HŸ gdïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïIps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:149) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ ËϽCi–Dsono“altre“due“cose“che“potete“fægare“per“migliorare“la“vÌÐostra“latenza.“Primo,“potete“settare“la“Maximum“T¦gransmittableŽ¤ Unit–Ä(mtu)“ad“un“vÀalore“pi€ù“basso“del“defægault“di“1500“bytes.“Abbassando“questo“numero“si“abbasser€à“anche“il“tempoŽ¡medio–”×che“doÙ vrete“aspettare“per“in™Ÿviare“un“pacchetto“prioritario“se“c'€è“gi€à“un“pacchetto“a“bassa“priorit€à“full-sized“cheŽ¡viene–¤in™Ÿviato.“Abbassando“questo“numero“decrescer€à“leÙ ggermente“anche“il“vÌÐostro“throughput“perch€é“ogni“pacchettoŽ¡contiene–€almeno“40“byte“di“vÀalore“di“IP“e“TCP“header“information.Ž©*8ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïIps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:150) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ ÕÈL‘ÿ'altra–=cosa“che“potete“fægare“per“migliorare“la“latenza“anche“sul“vÌÐostro“traco“a“bassa“priorit€à“€è“di“diminuire“la“lun-Ž¡ghezza–¥¸della“coda“dal“vÀalore“di“defægault“di“100,“la“quale“pu€ò“impieÙ gó7are“anche“10“secondi“per“svuotarsi“con“una“mtu“diŽ¡1500‘€byte.Ž¦ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïIps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:151) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ%ZçÃ3.5.›ÈPr•¶Jo“v“are˜a˜limitare˜il˜traco˜in˜arriv‘ooïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 18.72 H.A endïLps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (1.3.14.2) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽŸaAïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïIps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:153) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ Ñò½Usando– Hl'Intermediate“Queuing“DeÀvice“(IMQ),“possiamo“elaborare“tutti“i“pacchetti“entranti“attraÌÐvÙ erso“una“coda“nelloŽ¡stesso–Ómodo“in“cui“lo“fægacciamo“con“gli“uscenti.“La“priorit€à“dei“pacchetti“€è“piu“semplice“in“questo“caso.“Potendo“soloŽ¡(proÙ všÀare–·¹a)“controllare“il“traco“TCP‘·ªin“arri˜vÌÐo,“potremmo“mettere“tutto“il“traco“non“TCP‘·ªnella“classe“0x00,“e“tuttoŽ¡il–µjtraco“TCP›µ\nella“classe“0x01.“Potremmo“anche“mettere“i“pacchetti“TCP˜"piccoli"“nella“0x00“dato“che“questi“sonoŽ¡per–XÆla“maggior“parte“pacchetti“Aš™ŸCK‘X¼per“dati“in“uscita“che“sono“gia“stati“in˜viati.“Creiamo“una“coda“standard“FIFO‘X¼nellaŽ¡classe–bŽ0x00,“e“una“coda“Random“Early“Drop“(RED)›b‡nella“classe“0x01.“La“coda“RED˜€è“migliore“della“FIFO˜(tail-drop)Ž¡per–Kãcontrollare“il“TCP‘KÖperch€é“scarta“i“pacchetti“prima“di“andare“in“o•Ù v“erošÀw–Kãnel“tentati˜vÌÐo“di“rallentare“trasferimenti“cheŽ¡potrebbero– andare“fuori“controllo.“Possiamo“limitare“entrambe“le“classi“ad“un“všÀalore“massimo“inferiore“all'eetti˜vÌÐoŽ¡vÀalore–€in“ingresso“sul“modem“ADSL.ŽŸ*8ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïIps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:154) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ obÀ3.5.1.–UüPš£Üer“cáIh€é“limitare“il“T‘ÿ Braco“in“arriv˜o“non“€è“cos€ì“giustoïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 15.6 H.A endïNps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (1.3.14.3.3) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽŸ«~ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïIps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:156) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ T‚½V‘þµÇogliamo–ÂÄlimitare“il“nostro“traco“in“ingresso“per“eÀvitare“di“riempire“la“coda“presso“l'ISP‘þã×,il“quale“pu€ò“a“všÌÐolte“b˜ue-Ž¡rizzare–8€no“a“un“vÀalore“di“5“secondi“dei“dati.“Il“problema“€è“che“attualmente“l'unico“modo“per“limitare“il“traco“TCP‘8ninŽ¡ingresso–™¯€è“quello“di“scartare“pacchetti“perfettamente“vÀalidi.“Questi“pacchetti“hanno“gi€à“preso“una“certa“parte“di“bandaŽ¡sul–jmodem“ADSL‘Csolo“per“essere“scartati“dalla“Linux“Box“nello“sforzo“di“rallentare“i“futuri“pacchetti.“Essi“sarannoŽ¡eÀvÙ entualmente–†àritrasmessi“consumando“ancora“pi€ù“banda.“Quando“limitiamo“il“traco,“limitiamo“il“rate“dei“pacchettiŽ¡che–—¯saranno“accettati“nella“nostra“rete.“Poich€é“l'“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïIps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:157) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endÄattuale“½data“rate“in“ingresso“€è“leÙ ggermente“superiore“a“causa“deiŽ¡pacchetti–¦ùche“scartiamo,“dobbiamo“limitare“il“došÀwnstream“ad“un“v˜alore“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïIps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:158) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endÄmolto“½pi€ù“basso“rispetto“all'attuale“v˜alore“delŽ¡modem–7CADSL‘71per“assicurare“una“latenza“bassa.“In“pratica“dešÀvÌÐo“limitare“il“mio“do˜wnstream“di“1.5“Mbit/s“a“700kbit/secŽ¡per–ùaÌÐvÙ ere“una“latenza“accettabile“con“5“doÀwnload“concorrenti.“Pi€ù“sessioni“TCP‘Òsi“hanno,“pi€ù“larÑðghezza“di“banda“siŽ¡spreca–€con“i“pacchetti“scartati,“e“pi€ù“basso“sar€à“il“vÀalore“massimo“da“congurare.Ž¦ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïIps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:159) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ ÕÈUn–…miglior“modo“di“controllare“il“traco“in“arriÀvÌÐo“potrebbe“essere“la“manipolazione“della“larÑðghezza“della“nestra“delŽ¡TCP‘þã×,–€ma“al“momento“di“questa“stesura“non“ci“sono“(libere)“implementazioni“di“ci€ò“per“Linux“(per“quanto“ne“so...).ŽŸ*8ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïTps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:IMPLEMENTATION) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ+BT¿4.‘ͽImplementazioneïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 22.464 H.A endïIps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (1.4.1) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽŸ 7„ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïIps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:162) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ lS½Dopo–€tutte“le“spieÙ gó7azioni“€è“giunto“il“momento“di“implementare“il“bandwidth“management“con“Linux.ŽŸ*8ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïIps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:163) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽŸ0‘Hïcolor push Black’ÏÄ8ŽŽŽŽŽŽŽ’Ôï color popŽŽŒ‹ #˜ž‘·ºâŸ·ºâïþps:SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end ç ýU‘Hïcolor push Blackïcolor push gray 0ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push gray 0ï color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïJps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.9) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endï color popŸüfd’2dÄADSL–€Bandwidth“Mana•ægg“ement‘€HO‘ÿÿWTÑðOŽŽŽŽŽŽŽ’Ôï color popŽŽ { ýš9‘HÃ4.1.‘ÈA‘ÿl”vverIµtimentiïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 18.72 H.A endïLps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (1.4.15.2) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽ‘HŸaAïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïIps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:165) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ Ñò½Limitare–hÆil“rate“dei“dati“in™Ÿviati“al“modem“DSL‘hÀnon“€è“semplice“come“pu€ò“sembrare.“La“maggior“parte“di“questi“modemŽ¤ sono–D¶in“realt€à“solo“dei“bridge“ethernet“che“mandano“i“dati“ašÌÐvÀanti“e“indietro“tra“la“v˜ostra“linux“box“e“il“gó7ateÀwægay“dalŽ¡vÌÐostro–ÌISP›þã×.“Molti“modem“DSL‘Ëôutilizzano“A˜TM‘Ëôcome“strato“di“colleÙ gó7amento“per“in™Ÿviare“dati.“A˜TM‘Ëôin™Ÿvia“dati“in“celleŽ¡che–5Nhanno“una“lunghezza“ssa“di“53“byte.“5“di“questi“byte“sono“informazioni“di“intestazione,“e“i“rimanenti“48“byteŽ¡sono–‡Üdisponibili“per“i“dati.“Anche“se“mandate“1“byte“di“dati,“vÙ engono“consumati“53“byte“di“larÑðghezza“di“banda“poich€éŽ¡le– ²celle“A‘þã×TM› hsono“sempre“lunghe“53“byte.“Questo“signica“che“se“vÌÐoi“state“in™Ÿviando“un“tipico“pacchetto“TCP˜diŽ¡A™ŸCK›Hwesso–H«consiste“di“0“byte“di“dati“+“20“byte“di“header“TCP˜+“20“byte“di“header“IP˜+“18“byte“di“header“EthernetŽ¡.–bAttualmente,“anche“se“il“pacchetto“ethernet“che“in™Ÿviate“ha“solo“40“byte“di“payload“(TCP›aÆe“IP˜header),“il“payloadŽ¡minimo–Dper“un“pacchetto“Ethernet“€è“di“46“byte“di“dati,“cos€ì“i“rimanenti“6“byte“sono“riempiti“con“dati“nulli.“QuestoŽ¡signica–¼9che“l'attuale“lunghezza“del“pacchetto“Ethernet“pi€ù“l'intestazione“€è“di“18“+“46“=“64“byte.“Per“in™Ÿviare“64“byteŽ¡su–F¿A›þã×TM,“do•Ù v“ete–F¿in™Ÿviare“due“celle“A˜TM‘F‹che“consumano“106“byte“di“larÑðghezza“di“banda.“Quindi“per“ogni“pacchettoŽ¡TCP‘Ádi–Á A™ŸCK,“state“sprecando“42“byte.“Questo“potrebbe“essere“okay“se“Linux“tenesse“conto“della“incapsulazione“cheŽ¡usa–{ôil“modem“DSL,“inš™ŸvÙ ece,“Linux“tiene“solo“conto“di“TCP‘{óheader˜,“IP‘{óheader“e“dei“14“byte“dell'indirizzo“MA˜C‘{ó(LinuxŽ¡non–MÕtiene“conto“dei“4“byte“di“CRC‘MÈpoich€é“questo“viene“fšægatto“a“liÀvÙ ello“hardw˜are).“Linux“non“tiene“conto“inoltre“n€é“dellaŽ¡grandezza–€minima“del“pacchetto“Ethernet“di“46“byte,“n€é“della“grandezza“ssa“della“cella“A‘þã×TM.Ž©*8ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïIps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:166) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ ÕÈTŒÏutto–lCci€ò“sta“a“signicare“che“do•Ù v“ete–lClimitare“la“vÌÐostra“larÑðghezza“di“banda“in“uscita“ad“un“vÀalore“inferiore“rispettoŽ¡all'eetti•Àv“a–Òécapacit€à“(ntanto“che“si“possa“calcolare“uno“schedulatore“di“pacchetti“che“possa“tener“conto“dei“vÀari“tipiŽ¡di–ïincapsulazioni“che“všÙ engono“utilizzate).“Potreste“scoprire“di“aÌÐv˜er“calcolato“un“bšÌÐuon“vÀalore“a“cui“limitare“la“v˜ostraŽ¡larÑðghezza–dídi“banda,“ma“poi“scaricate“un“grosso“le“e“la“latenza“inizia“a“schizzare“vÙ erso“l'alto“dopo“3“secondi.“Ci€òŽ¡di–ñsolito“aÌÐvviene“perch€é“la“larÑðghezza“di“banda“che“questi“piccoli“pacchetti“A™ŸCK‘ðèconsumano“viene“calcolata“male“daŽ¡Linux.ŽŸ”ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïIps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:167) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ ælHo›’!la•ÌÐv“orato˜a˜questo˜problema˜per˜qualche˜mese˜e˜ho˜quasi˜aggiustato˜una˜soluzione˜che˜presto˜rilascer€ò˜al˜pubblicoŽ¡per–.ulteriori“test.“La“soluzione“implica“l'utilizzo“di“una“coda“userÌÐ-space“in™ŸvÙ ece“della“QoS‘'di“Linux“per“limitare“il“rateŽ¡dei–L†pacchetti.“Ho“fondamentalmente“implementato“una“semplice“coda“HTB‘Lyusando“una“coda“linux“userÌÐ-space.“QuestaŽ¡soluzione–y(per“quanto“ne“so)“riesce“a“reÙ golare“il“traco“in“uscita“MOL‘ÿTÑðO–ZBENE“anche–ydurante“un“massiccio“doÀwnloadŽ¡(dišÀvÙ ersi–+ÿussi)“e“pesante“upload“(gnutella,“di˜vÙ ersi“ussi)“la“latenza“ha“un“picco“di“400ms“oltre“la“mia“latenza“senzaŽ¡traco–ùddi“circa“15ms.“Per“maggiori“informazioni“su“questo“metodo“QoS,“iscri•ÀvšÙ ete“vi–ùdalla“mailing“list“per“le“no˜vit€à“oŽ¡controllate–€gli“aggiornamenti“a“questo“HO¦gWTÑðO.Ž¦ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïIps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:168) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ%ZçÃ4.2.–ÈScript:“m‘oyshaperïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 18.72 H.A endïLps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (1.4.16.2) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽŸ .Cïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïIps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:170) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ ð½Il–`øseÙ guente“€è“il“listato“dello“script“che“utilizzo“per“controllare“la“larÑðghezza“di“banda“sul“mio“router“Linux.“Esso“utilizzaŽ¡molti–,qdei“concetti“trattati“nel“documento.“Il“traco“in“uscita“viene“messo“in“una“delle“7“code“a“seconda“del“tipo.“IlŽ¡traco–óÈin“entrata“€è“posizionato“in“due“code“con“i“pacchetti“TCP‘óªche“vÙ engono“scartati“prima“(priorit€à“pi€ù“bassa)“se“iŽ¡dati–‘in“entrata“všÀanno“oltre“il“rate“ssato.“I‘‘v˜alori“dati“in“questo“script“sembrano“essere“OK‘‘per“il“mio“setup“ma“i“vÌÐostriŽ¡risultati–€potrebbero“vÀariare.ŽŸ:ŸÓ ‰ÜŸ/ñà„/ñàŸý‘ŸÖ ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïIps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:171) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïIps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:172) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸǨ‘Questo–$)script“era“basato“in“origine“sul“W‘ÿ37onderShaper“ADSL‘"öcome“visto“presso“il“ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïIps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:173) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endsito“web“LAR‘ÿfgTCŽ¡‘(http://www‘ÿY .lartc.orÑðg).ŽŽŽŽ’Ú„/ñàŽŸ‰ÜŽŽŽŽŸïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 11.7 H.A endïIps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:174) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ³3É#!/bin/bashŽ¤ ³3#Ž¡#–ffmyshaper“-“DSL/Cable“modem“outbound“traffic“shaper“and“prioritizer.Ž¡#‘@ÌÈBased–ffon“the“ADSL/Cable“wondershaper“(www.lartc.org)ŽŽŸ0‘Hïcolor push Black’ÏÄ9ŽŽŽŽŽŽŽ’Ôï color popŽŽŒ‹ #²˜‘·ºâŸ·ºâïþps:SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end ç ýU‘Hïcolor push Blackïcolor push gray 0ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push gray 0ï color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïKps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.10) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endï color popŸüfd’2dÄADSL–€Bandwidth“Mana•ægg“ement‘€HO‘ÿÿWTÑðOŽŽŽŽŽŽŽ’Ôï color popŽŽ { ýš‘HÉ#Ž¤ ³3‘H#–ffWritten“by“Dan“Singletary“(8/7/02)Ž¡‘H#Ž¡‘H#–ffNOTE!!“-“This“script“assumes“your“kernel“has“been“patched“with“theŽ¡‘H#‘5ÿüappropriate–ffHTB“queue“and“IMQ“patches“available“here:Ž¡‘H#‘5ÿü(subnote:–fffuture“kernels“may“not“require“patching)Ž¡‘H#Ž¡‘H#‘%ÌÊhttp://luxik.cdi.cz/~devik/qos/htb/Ž¡‘H#‘%ÌÊhttp://luxik.cdi.cz/~patrick/imq/Ž¡‘H#Ž¡‘H#–ffConfiguration“options“for“myshaper:Ž¡‘H#‘ ÌÌDEV‘™˜-–ffset“to“ethX“that“connects“to“DSL/Cable“ModemŽ¡‘H#‘ ÌÌRATEUP–ff-“set“this“to“slightly“lower“than“yourŽ¡‘H#‘;fboutbound–ffbandwidth“on“the“DSL/Cable“Modem.Ž¡‘H#‘;fbI–ffhave“a“1500/128“DSL“line“and“settingŽ¡‘H#‘;fbRATEUP=90–ffworks“well“for“my“128kbps“upstream.Ž¡‘H#‘;fbHowever,–ffyour“mileage“may“vary.Ž¡‘H#‘ ÌÌRATEDN–ff-“set“this“to“slightly“lower“than“yourŽ¡‘H#‘;fbinbound–ffbandwidth“on“the“DSL/Cable“Modem.Ž¡‘H#Ž¡‘H#Ž¡‘H#‘ ÌÌTheory–ffon“using“imq“to“"shape"“inbound“traffic:Ž¡‘H#Ž¡‘H#‘ÿþIt's–ffimpossible“to“directly“limit“the“rate“of“data“that“willŽ¡‘H#› ÌÌbe–ffsent“to“you“by“other“hosts“on“the“internet.˜In“order“to“shapeŽ¡‘H#‘ ÌÌthe–ffinbound“traffic“rate,“we“have“to“rely“on“the“congestion“avoidanceŽ¡‘H#› ÌÌalgorithms–ffin“TCP.˜Because“of“this,“WE“CAN“ONLY“ATTEMPT“TO“SHAPEŽ¡‘H#› ÌÌINBOUND–ffTRAFFIC“ON“TCP“CONNECTIONS.˜This“means“that“any“traffic“thatŽ¡‘H#‘ ÌÌis–ffnot“tcp“should“be“placed“in“the“high-prio“class,“since“droppingŽ¡‘H#‘ ÌÌa–ffnon-tcp“packet“will“most“likely“result“in“a“retransmit“which“willŽ¡‘H#‘ ÌÌdo–ffnothing“but“unnecessarily“consume“bandwidth.Ž¡‘H#‘ÿþWe–ffattempt“to“shape“inbound“TCP“traffic“by“dropping“tcp“packetsŽ¡‘H#‘ ÌÌwhen–ffthey“overflow“the“HTB“queue“which“will“only“pass“them“on“atŽ¡‘H#‘ ÌÌa–ffcertain“rate“(RATEDN)“which“is“slightly“lower“than“the“actualŽ¡‘H#› ÌÌcapability–ffof“the“inbound“device.˜By“dropping“TCP“packets“thatŽ¡‘H#‘ ÌÌare–ffover-rate,“we“are“simulating“the“same“packets“getting“droppedŽ¡‘H#› ÌÌdue–ffto“a“queue-overflow“on“our“ISP's“side.˜The“advantage“of“thisŽ¡‘H#‘ ÌÌis–ffthat“our“ISP's“queue“will“never“fill“because“TCP“will“slow“it'sŽ¡‘H#‘ ÌÌtransmission–ffrate“in“response“to“the“dropped“packets“in“the“assumptionŽ¡‘H#‘ ÌÌthat–ffit“has“filled“the“ISP's“queue,“when“in“reality“it“has“not.Ž¡‘H#‘ÿþThe–ffadvantage“of“using“a“priority-based“queuing“discipline“isŽ¡‘H#‘ ÌÌthat–ffwe“can“specifically“choose“NOT“to“drop“certain“types“of“packetsŽ¡‘H#› ÌÌthat–ffwe“place“in“the“higher“priority“buckets“(ssh,“telnet,“etc).˜ThisŽ¡‘H#‘ ÌÌis–ffbecause“packets“will“always“be“dequeued“from“the“lowest“priority“classŽ¡‘H#‘ ÌÌwith–ffthe“stipulation“that“packets“will“still“be“dequeued“from“everyŽ¡‘H#‘ ÌÌclass–fffairly“at“a“minimum“rate“(in“this“script,“each“bucket“will“deliverŽ¡‘H#‘ ÌÌat–ffleast“it's“fair“share“of“1/7“of“the“bandwidth).Ž¡‘H#Ž¡‘H#‘ ÌÌReiterating–ffmain“points:Ž¡‘H#‘32*–ffDropping“a“tcp“packet“on“a“connection“will“lead“to“a“slower“rateŽ¡‘H#‘ÿþof–ffreception“for“that“connection“due“to“the“congestion“avoidance“algorithm.Ž¡‘H#‘32*–ffWe“gain“nothing“from“dropping“non-TCP“packets.‘ ÌÌIn“fact,“if“theyŽ¡‘H#‘ÿþwere–ffimportant“they“would“probably“be“retransmitted“anyways“so“we“want“toŽŽŸ0‘Hïcolor push Black’ÊÄ10ŽŽŽŽŽŽŽ’Ôï color popŽŽŒ‹ #Ì‘‘·ºâŸ·ºâïþps:SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end ç ýU‘Hïcolor push Blackïcolor push gray 0ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push gray 0ï color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïKps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.11) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endï color popŸüfd’2dÄADSL–€Bandwidth“Mana•ægg“ement‘€HO‘ÿÿWTÑðOŽŽŽŽŽŽŽ’Ôï color popŽŽ { ýš‘HÉ#‘ÿþtry–ffto“never“drop“these“packets.‘ ÌÌThis“means“that“saturated“TCP“connectionsŽ¤ ³3‘H#‘ÿþwill–ffnot“negatively“effect“protocols“that“don't“have“a“built-in“retransmit“like“TCP.Ž¡‘H#‘32*–ffSlowing“down“incoming“TCP“connections“such“that“the“total“inbound“rate“is“lessŽ¡‘H#‘ÿþthan–ffthe“true“capability“of“the“device“(ADSL/Cable“Modem)“SHOULD“result“in“littleŽ¡‘H#‘ÿþto–ffno“packets“being“queued“on“the“ISP's“side“(DSLAM,“cable“concentrator,“etc).‘ ÌÌSinceŽ¡‘H#‘ÿþthese–ffISP“queues“have“been“observed“to“queue“4“seconds“of“data“at“1500Kbps“or“6“megabitsŽ¡‘H#‘ÿþof–ffdata,“having“no“packets“queued“there“will“mean“lower“latency.Ž¡‘H#Ž¡‘H#‘ ÌÌCaveats–ff(questions“posed“before“testing):Ž¡‘H#‘32*–ffWill“limiting“inbound“traffic“in“this“fashion“result“in“poor“bulk“TCP“performance?Ž¡‘H#‘ÿþ-–ffPreliminary“answer“is“no!‘ ÌÌSeems“that“by“prioritizing“ACK“packets“(small“<64b)Ž¡‘H#‘%ÌÊwe–ffmaximize“throughput“by“not“wasting“bandwidth“on“retransmitted“packetsŽ¡‘H#‘%ÌÊthat–ffwe“already“have.Ž¡‘H#Ž¡¡‘H#–ffNOTE:“The“following“configuration“works“well“for“myŽ¡‘H#–ffsetup:“1.5M/128K“ADSL“via“Pacific“Bell“Internet“(SBC“Global“Services)Ž¡¡‘HDEV=eth0Ž¡‘HRATEUP=90Ž¡‘HRATEDN=700‘ ÌÌ#–ffNote“that“this“is“significantly“lower“than“the“capacity“of“1500.Ž¡’ˆÌÈ#–ffBecause“of“this,“you“may“not“want“to“bother“limiting“inbound“trafficŽ¡’ˆÌÈ#–ffuntil“a“better“implementation“such“as“TCP“window“manipulation“can“be“used.Ž¡¡‘H#Ž¡‘H#–ffEnd“Configuration“OptionsŽ¡‘H#Ž¡¡‘Hif–ff[“"$1"“=“"status"“]Ž¡‘HthenŽ¡‘s30echo‘ff"[qdisc]"Ž¡‘s30tc–ff-s“qdisc“show“dev“$DEVŽ¡‘s30tc–ff-s“qdisc“show“dev“imq0Ž¡‘s30echo‘ff"[class]"Ž¡‘s30tc–ff-s“class“show“dev“$DEVŽ¡‘s30tc–ff-s“class“show“dev“imq0Ž¡‘s30echo‘ff"[filter]"Ž¡‘s30tc–ff-s“filter“show“dev“$DEVŽ¡‘s30tc–ff-s“filter“show“dev“imq0Ž¡‘s30echo‘ff"[iptables]"Ž¡‘s30iptables–ff-t“mangle“-L“MYSHAPER-OUT“-v“-x“2>“/dev/nullŽ¡‘s30iptables–ff-t“mangle“-L“MYSHAPER-IN“-v“-x“2>“/dev/nullŽ¡‘s30exitŽ¡‘HfiŽ¡¡‘H#–ffReset“everything“to“a“known“state“(cleared)Ž¡‘Htc–ffqdisc“del“dev“$DEV“root‘™˜2>“/dev/null“>“/dev/nullŽ¡‘Htc–ffqdisc“del“dev“imq0“root“2>“/dev/null“>“/dev/nullŽ¡‘Hiptables–ff-t“mangle“-D“POSTROUTING“-o“$DEV“-j“MYSHAPER-OUT“2>“/dev/null“>“/dev/nullŽ¡‘Hiptables–ff-t“mangle“-F“MYSHAPER-OUT“2>“/dev/null“>“/dev/nullŽ¡‘Hiptables–ff-t“mangle“-X“MYSHAPER-OUT“2>“/dev/null“>“/dev/nullŽ¡‘Hiptables–ff-t“mangle“-D“PREROUTING“-i“$DEV“-j“MYSHAPER-IN“2>“/dev/null“>“/dev/nullŽ¡‘Hiptables–ff-t“mangle“-F“MYSHAPER-IN“2>“/dev/null“>“/dev/nullŽŽŸ0‘Hïcolor push Black’ÊÄ11ŽŽŽŽŽŽŽ’Ôï color popŽŽŒ‹ #Ü‘·ºâŸ·ºâïþps:SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end ç ýU‘Hïcolor push Blackïcolor push gray 0ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push gray 0ï color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïKps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.12) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endï color popŸüfd’2dÄADSL–€Bandwidth“Mana•ægg“ement‘€HO‘ÿÿWTÑðOŽŽŽŽŽŽŽ’Ôï color popŽŽ { ýš‘HÉiptables–ff-t“mangle“-X“MYSHAPER-IN“2>“/dev/null“>“/dev/nullŽ¤ ³3‘Hip–fflink“set“imq0“down“2>“/dev/null“>“/dev/nullŽ¡‘Hrmmod–ffimq“2>“/dev/null“>“/dev/nullŽ¡¡‘Hif–ff[“"$1"“=“"stop"“]Ž¡‘HthenŽ¡‘s30echo–ff"Shaping“removed“on“$DEV."Ž¡‘s30exitŽ¡‘HfiŽ¡¡‘H###########################################################Ž¡‘H#Ž¡‘H#–ffOutbound“Shaping“(limits“total“bandwidth“to“RATEUP)Ž¡¡‘H#–ffset“queue“size“to“give“latency“of“about“2“seconds“on“low-prio“packetsŽ¡‘Hip–fflink“set“dev“$DEV“qlen“30Ž¡¡‘H#–ffchanges“mtu“on“the“outbound“device.‘ ÌÌLowering“the“mtu“will“resultŽ¡‘H#–ffin“lower“latency“but“will“also“cause“slightly“lower“throughput“dueŽ¡‘H#–ffto“IP“and“TCP“protocol“overhead.Ž¡‘Hip–fflink“set“dev“$DEV“mtu“1000Ž¡¡‘H#–ffadd“HTB“root“qdiscŽ¡‘Htc–ffqdisc“add“dev“$DEV“root“handle“1:“htb“default“26Ž¡¡‘H#–ffadd“main“rate“limit“classesŽ¡‘Htc–ffclass“add“dev“$DEV“parent“1:“classid“1:1“htb“rate“${RATEUP}kbitŽ¡¡‘H#–ffadd“leaf“classes“-“We“grant“each“class“at“LEAST“it's“"fair“share"“of“bandwidth.Ž¡‘H#‘kÿøthis–ffway“no“class“will“ever“be“starved“by“another“class.‘ ÌÌEachŽ¡‘H#‘kÿøclass–ffis“also“permitted“to“consume“all“of“the“available“bandwidthŽ¡‘H#‘kÿøif–ffno“other“classes“are“in“use.Ž¡‘Htc–ffclass“add“dev“$DEV“parent“1:1“classid“1:20“htb“rate“$[$RATEUP/7]kbit“ceil“${RATEUP}kbit“prio“0Ž¡‘Htc–ffclass“add“dev“$DEV“parent“1:1“classid“1:21“htb“rate“$[$RATEUP/7]kbit“ceil“${RATEUP}kbit“prio“1Ž¡‘Htc–ffclass“add“dev“$DEV“parent“1:1“classid“1:22“htb“rate“$[$RATEUP/7]kbit“ceil“${RATEUP}kbit“prio“2Ž¡‘Htc–ffclass“add“dev“$DEV“parent“1:1“classid“1:23“htb“rate“$[$RATEUP/7]kbit“ceil“${RATEUP}kbit“prio“3Ž¡‘Htc–ffclass“add“dev“$DEV“parent“1:1“classid“1:24“htb“rate“$[$RATEUP/7]kbit“ceil“${RATEUP}kbit“prio“4Ž¡‘Htc–ffclass“add“dev“$DEV“parent“1:1“classid“1:25“htb“rate“$[$RATEUP/7]kbit“ceil“${RATEUP}kbit“prio“5Ž¡‘Htc–ffclass“add“dev“$DEV“parent“1:1“classid“1:26“htb“rate“$[$RATEUP/7]kbit“ceil“${RATEUP}kbit“prio“6Ž¡¡‘H#–ffattach“qdisc“to“leaf“classes“-“here“we“at“SFQ“to“each“priority“class.‘ ÌÌSFQ“insures“thatŽ¡‘H#’¬ÌÀwithin–ffeach“class“connections“will“be“treated“(almost)“fairly.Ž¡‘Htc–ffqdisc“add“dev“$DEV“parent“1:20“handle“20:“sfq“perturb“10Ž¡‘Htc–ffqdisc“add“dev“$DEV“parent“1:21“handle“21:“sfq“perturb“10Ž¡‘Htc–ffqdisc“add“dev“$DEV“parent“1:22“handle“22:“sfq“perturb“10Ž¡‘Htc–ffqdisc“add“dev“$DEV“parent“1:23“handle“23:“sfq“perturb“10Ž¡‘Htc–ffqdisc“add“dev“$DEV“parent“1:24“handle“24:“sfq“perturb“10Ž¡‘Htc–ffqdisc“add“dev“$DEV“parent“1:25“handle“25:“sfq“perturb“10Ž¡‘Htc–ffqdisc“add“dev“$DEV“parent“1:26“handle“26:“sfq“perturb“10Ž¡¡‘H#–fffilter“traffic“into“classes“by“fwmark“-“here“we“direct“traffic“into“priority“class“according“toŽ¡‘H#’ÝfVthe–fffwmark“set“on“the“packet“(we“set“fwmark“with“iptablesŽ¡‘H#’ÝfVlater).‘ ÌÌNote–ffthat“above“we've“set“the“default“priorityŽŽŸ0‘Hïcolor push Black’ÊÄ12ŽŽŽŽŽŽŽ’Ôï color popŽŽŒ‹ #é‘·ºâŸ·ºâïþps:SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end ç ýU‘Hïcolor push Blackïcolor push gray 0ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push gray 0ï color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïKps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.13) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endï color popŸüfd’2dÄADSL–€Bandwidth“Mana•ægg“ement‘€HO‘ÿÿWTÑðOŽŽŽŽŽŽŽ’Ôï color popŽŽ { ýš‘HÉ#’ÝfVclass–ffto“1:26“so“unmarked“packets“(or“packets“marked“withŽ¤ ³3‘H#’ÝfVunfamiliar–ffIDs)“will“be“defaulted“to“the“lowest“priorityŽ¡‘H#’ÝfVclass.Ž¡‘Htc–fffilter“add“dev“$DEV“parent“1:0“prio“0“protocol“ip“handle“20“fw“flowid“1:20Ž¡‘Htc–fffilter“add“dev“$DEV“parent“1:0“prio“0“protocol“ip“handle“21“fw“flowid“1:21Ž¡‘Htc–fffilter“add“dev“$DEV“parent“1:0“prio“0“protocol“ip“handle“22“fw“flowid“1:22Ž¡‘Htc–fffilter“add“dev“$DEV“parent“1:0“prio“0“protocol“ip“handle“23“fw“flowid“1:23Ž¡‘Htc–fffilter“add“dev“$DEV“parent“1:0“prio“0“protocol“ip“handle“24“fw“flowid“1:24Ž¡‘Htc–fffilter“add“dev“$DEV“parent“1:0“prio“0“protocol“ip“handle“25“fw“flowid“1:25Ž¡‘Htc–fffilter“add“dev“$DEV“parent“1:0“prio“0“protocol“ip“handle“26“fw“flowid“1:26Ž¡¡‘H#–ffadd“MYSHAPER-OUT“chain“to“the“mangle“table“in“iptables“-“this“sets“up“the“table“we'll“useŽ¡‘H#’#™„to–fffilter“and“mark“packets.Ž¡‘Hiptables–ff-t“mangle“-N“MYSHAPER-OUTŽ¡‘Hiptables–ff-t“mangle“-I“POSTROUTING“-o“$DEV“-j“MYSHAPER-OUTŽ¡¡‘H#–ffadd“fwmark“entries“to“classify“different“types“of“traffic“-“Set“fwmark“from“20-26“according“toŽ¡‘H#’IfNdesired–ffclass.“20“is“highest“prio.Ž¡‘Hiptables–ff-t“mangle“-A“MYSHAPER-OUT“-p“tcp“--sport“0:1024“-j“MARK“--set-mark“23“#“Default“for“low“port“trafficŽ¡‘Hiptables–ff-t“mangle“-A“MYSHAPER-OUT“-p“tcp“--dport“0:1024“-j“MARK“--set-mark“23“#“""Ž¡‘Hiptables–ff-t“mangle“-A“MYSHAPER-OUT“-p“tcp“--dport“20“-j“MARK“--set-mark“26‘ÿþ#“ftp-data“port,“low“prioŽ¡‘Hiptables–ff-t“mangle“-A“MYSHAPER-OUT“-p“tcp“--dport“5190“-j“MARK“--set-mark“23‘32#“aol“instant“messengerŽ¡‘Hiptables–ff-t“mangle“-A“MYSHAPER-OUT“-p“icmp“-j“MARK“--set-mark“20‘Pÿú#“ICMP“(ping)“-“high“prio,“impress“friendsŽ¡‘Hiptables–ff-t“mangle“-A“MYSHAPER-OUT“-p“udp“-j“MARK“--set-mark“21‘Vf`#“DNS“name“resolution“(small“packets)Ž¡‘Hiptables–ff-t“mangle“-A“MYSHAPER-OUT“-p“tcp“--dport“ssh“-j“MARK“--set-mark“22‘™˜#“secure“shellŽ¡‘Hiptables–ff-t“mangle“-A“MYSHAPER-OUT“-p“tcp“--sport“ssh“-j“MARK“--set-mark“22‘™˜#“secure“shellŽ¡‘Hiptables–ff-t“mangle“-A“MYSHAPER-OUT“-p“tcp“--dport“telnet“-j“MARK“--set-mark“22“#“telnet“(ew...)Ž¡‘Hiptables–ff-t“mangle“-A“MYSHAPER-OUT“-p“tcp“--sport“telnet“-j“MARK“--set-mark“22“#“telnet“(ew...)Ž¡‘Hiptables–ff-t“mangle“-A“MYSHAPER-OUT“-p“ipv6-crypt“-j“MARK“--set-mark“24‘0™–#“IPSec“-“we“don't“know“what“the“payload“is“though...Ž¡‘Hiptables–ff-t“mangle“-A“MYSHAPER-OUT“-p“tcp“--sport“http“-j“MARK“--set-mark“25‘32#“Local“web“serverŽ¡‘Hiptables–ff-t“mangle“-A“MYSHAPER-OUT“-p“tcp“-m“length“--length“:64“-j“MARK“--set-mark“21“#“small“packets“(probably“just“ACKs)Ž¡‘Hiptables–ff-t“mangle“-A“MYSHAPER-OUT“-m“mark“--mark“0“-j“MARK“--set-mark“26‘ fd#“redundant-“mark“any“unmarked“packets“as“26“(low“prio)Ž¡¡‘H#–ffDone“with“outbound“shapingŽ¡‘H#Ž¡‘H####################################################Ž¡¡‘Hecho–ff"Outbound“shaping“added“to“$DEV.‘ ÌÌRate:“${RATEUP}Kbit/sec."Ž¡¡‘H#–ffuncomment“following“line“if“you“only“want“upstream“shaping.Ž¡‘H#‘ffexitŽ¡¡‘H####################################################Ž¡‘H#Ž¡‘H#–ffInbound“Shaping“(limits“total“bandwidth“to“RATEDN)Ž¡¡‘H#–ffmake“sure“imq“module“is“loadedŽ¡¡‘Hmodprobe–ffimq“numdevs=1Ž¡¡‘Hip–fflink“set“imq0“upŽ¡¡‘H#–ffadd“qdisc“-“default“low-prio“class“1:21ŽŽŸ0‘Hïcolor push Black’ÊÄ13ŽŽŽŽŽŽŽ’Ôï color popŽŽŒ‹#÷P‘·ºâŸ·ºâïþps:SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end ç ýU‘Hïcolor push Blackïcolor push gray 0ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push gray 0ï color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïKps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.14) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endï color popŸüfd’2dÄADSL–€Bandwidth“Mana•ægg“ement‘€HO‘ÿÿWTÑðOŽŽŽŽŽŽŽ’Ôï color popŽŽ { ýš¤ ³3‘HÉtc–ffqdisc“add“dev“imq0“handle“1:“root“htb“default“21Ž¡¡‘H#–ffadd“main“rate“limit“classesŽ¡‘Htc–ffclass“add“dev“imq0“parent“1:“classid“1:1“htb“rate“${RATEDN}kbitŽ¡¡‘H#–ffadd“leaf“classes“-“TCP“traffic“in“21,“non“TCP“traffic“in“20Ž¡‘H#Ž¡‘Htc–ffclass“add“dev“imq0“parent“1:1“classid“1:20“htb“rate“$[$RATEDN/2]kbit“ceil“${RATEDN}kbit“prio“0Ž¡‘Htc–ffclass“add“dev“imq0“parent“1:1“classid“1:21“htb“rate“$[$RATEDN/2]kbit“ceil“${RATEDN}kbit“prio“1Ž¡¡‘H#–ffattach“qdisc“to“leaf“classes“-“here“we“at“SFQ“to“each“priority“class.‘ ÌÌSFQ“insures“thatŽ¡‘H#’¬ÌÀwithin–ffeach“class“connections“will“be“treated“(almost)“fairly.Ž¡‘Htc–ffqdisc“add“dev“imq0“parent“1:20“handle“20:“sfq“perturb“10Ž¡‘Htc–ffqdisc“add“dev“imq0“parent“1:21“handle“21:“red“limit“1000000“min“5000“max“100000“avpkt“1000“burst“50Ž¡¡‘H#–fffilter“traffic“into“classes“by“fwmark“-“here“we“direct“traffic“into“priority“class“according“toŽ¡‘H#’ÝfVthe–fffwmark“set“on“the“packet“(we“set“fwmark“with“iptablesŽ¡‘H#’ÝfVlater).‘ ÌÌNote–ffthat“above“we've“set“the“default“priorityŽ¡‘H#’ÝfVclass–ffto“1:26“so“unmarked“packets“(or“packets“marked“withŽ¡‘H#’ÝfVunfamiliar–ffIDs)“will“be“defaulted“to“the“lowest“priorityŽ¡‘H#’ÝfVclass.Ž¡‘Htc–fffilter“add“dev“imq0“parent“1:0“prio“0“protocol“ip“handle“20“fw“flowid“1:20Ž¡‘Htc–fffilter“add“dev“imq0“parent“1:0“prio“0“protocol“ip“handle“21“fw“flowid“1:21Ž¡¡‘H#–ffadd“MYSHAPER-IN“chain“to“the“mangle“table“in“iptables“-“this“sets“up“the“table“we'll“useŽ¡‘H#’3̶to–fffilter“and“mark“packets.Ž¡‘Hiptables–ff-t“mangle“-N“MYSHAPER-INŽ¡‘Hiptables–ff-t“mangle“-I“PREROUTING“-i“$DEV“-j“MYSHAPER-INŽ¡¡‘H#–ffadd“fwmark“entries“to“classify“different“types“of“traffic“-“Set“fwmark“from“20-26“according“toŽ¡‘H#’IfNdesired–ffclass.“20“is“highest“prio.Ž¡‘Hiptables–ff-t“mangle“-A“MYSHAPER-IN“-p“!“tcp“-j“MARK“--set-mark“20‘K™”#“Set“non-tcp“packets“to“highest“priorityŽ¡‘Hiptables–ff-t“mangle“-A“MYSHAPER-IN“-p“tcp“-m“length“--length“:64“-j“MARK“--set-mark“20“#“short“TCP“packets“are“probably“ACKsŽ¡‘Hiptables–ff-t“mangle“-A“MYSHAPER-IN“-p“tcp“--dport“ssh“-j“MARK“--set-mark“20‘™˜#“secure“shellŽ¡‘Hiptables–ff-t“mangle“-A“MYSHAPER-IN“-p“tcp“--sport“ssh“-j“MARK“--set-mark“20‘™˜#“secure“shellŽ¡‘Hiptables–ff-t“mangle“-A“MYSHAPER-IN“-p“tcp“--dport“telnet“-j“MARK“--set-mark“20“#“telnet“(ew...)Ž¡‘Hiptables–ff-t“mangle“-A“MYSHAPER-IN“-p“tcp“--sport“telnet“-j“MARK“--set-mark“20“#“telnet“(ew...)Ž¡‘Hiptables–ff-t“mangle“-A“MYSHAPER-IN“-m“mark“--mark“0“-j“MARK“--set-mark“21‘K™”#“redundant-“mark“any“unmarked“packets“as“26“(low“prio)Ž¡¡‘H#–fffinally,“instruct“these“packets“to“go“through“the“imq0“we“set“up“aboveŽ¡‘Hiptables–ff-t“mangle“-A“MYSHAPER-IN“-j“IMQŽ¡¡‘H#–ffDone“with“inbound“shapingŽ¡‘H#Ž¡‘H####################################################Ž¡¡‘Hecho–ff"Inbound“shaping“added“to“$DEV.‘ ÌÌRate:“${RATEDN}Kbit/sec."Ž‘HŸi·ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïMps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:TESTING) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽŸ0‘Hïcolor push Black’ÊÄ14ŽŽŽŽŽŽŽ’Ôï color popŽŽŒ‹#+‘·ºâŸ·ºâïþps:SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end ç ýU‘Hïcolor push Blackïcolor push gray 0ïps:SDict begin H.S endïcolor push gray 0ï color popŽïps:SDict begin H.R endïKps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.15) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endï color popŸüfd’2dÄADSL–€Bandwidth“Mana•ægg“ement‘€HO‘ÿÿWTÑðOŽŽŽŽŽŽŽ’Ôï color popŽŽ { ýœ;ñ‘H¿5.–ͽT‘þö•est“della“nÓÅuo•§Œv“a‘ͽcodaïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 22.464 H.A endïIps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (1.5.1) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŽ‘H©Ûïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 H.A endïIps:SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (0:177) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark endŸ È»½Il–Z”modo“pi€ù“semplice“per“testare“la“vÌÐostra“nuoÙ vÀa“congurazione“€è“saturare“l'upstream“con“traco“a“bassa“priorit€à.Ž¤ Questo–¹ddipende“da“come“ašÌÐvÙ ete“settato“le“priorit€à.“Per“benecio“di“esempio,“diciamo“che“a˜vÙ ete“messo“il“traco“telnetŽ¡e–¸hil“traco“ping“alla“priorit€à“pi€ù“alta“(fwmark“basso)“rispetto“ad“altre“porte“alte“(che“sono“utilizzate“per“trasferimentiŽ¡FTP‘þã×,–àecc.).“Se“iniziate“un“upload“FTP‘ß÷per“saturare“la“larÑðghezza“di“banda,“doÙ vreste“solo“notare“che“il“vÌÐostro“tempo“diŽ¡ping–ÐYal“gó7atešÀwægay“(dall'altro“lato“della“linea“DSL)‘ÐDincrementa“di“un“piccolo“v˜alore“rispetto“all'aumento“che“si“aÌÐvrebbeŽ¡senza–”¬priorit€à“di“coda.“T‘ÿLÐempi“di“risposta“del“ping“inferiori“a“100ms“sono“tipici“a“seconda“di“come“aÌÐvÙ ete“congurato“ilŽ¡tutto.–€T‘ÿLÐempi“di“Ping“superiori“a“uno“o“due“secondi“indicano“probabilmente“che“le“cose“non“stanno“funzionando“bene.ŽŸ*8ïps:SDict begin H.S endïps:SDict begin 13 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