package Moose::Util::TypeConstraints;
our $VERSION = '2.2015';

use Carp ();
use Scalar::Util qw( blessed );
use Moose::Exporter;
use Moose::Deprecated;

## --------------------------------------------------------
# Prototyped subs must be predeclared because we have a
# circular dependency with Moose::Meta::Attribute et. al.
# so in case of us being use'd first the predeclaration
# ensures the prototypes are in scope when consumers are
# compiled.

# dah sugah!
sub where (&);
sub via (&);
sub message (&);
sub inline_as (&);

## --------------------------------------------------------

use Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint;
use Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint::Union;
use Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint::Parameterized;
use Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint::Parameterizable;
use Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint::Class;
use Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint::Role;
use Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint::Enum;
use Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint::DuckType;
use Moose::Meta::TypeCoercion;
use Moose::Meta::TypeCoercion::Union;
use Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint::Registry;

use Moose::Util 'throw_exception';

Moose::Exporter->setup_import_methods(
    as_is => [
        qw(
            type subtype class_type role_type maybe_type duck_type
            as where message inline_as
            coerce from via
            enum union
            find_type_constraint
            register_type_constraint
            match_on_type )
    ],
);

## --------------------------------------------------------
## type registry and some useful functions for it
## --------------------------------------------------------

my $REGISTRY = Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint::Registry->new;

sub get_type_constraint_registry {$REGISTRY}
sub list_all_type_constraints    { keys %{ $REGISTRY->type_constraints } }

sub export_type_constraints_as_functions {
    my $pkg = caller();
    no strict 'refs';
    foreach my $constraint ( keys %{ $REGISTRY->type_constraints } ) {
        my $tc = $REGISTRY->get_type_constraint($constraint)
            ->_compiled_type_constraint;
        *{"${pkg}::${constraint}"}
            = sub { $tc->( $_[0] ) ? 1 : undef };    # the undef is for compat
    }
}

sub create_type_constraint_union {
    _create_type_constraint_union(\@_);
}

sub create_named_type_constraint_union {
    my $name = shift;
    _create_type_constraint_union($name, \@_);
}

sub _create_type_constraint_union {
    my $name;
    $name = shift if @_ > 1;
    my @tcs = @{ shift() };

    my @type_constraint_names;

    if ( scalar @tcs == 1 && _detect_type_constraint_union( $tcs[0] ) ) {
        @type_constraint_names = _parse_type_constraint_union( $tcs[0] );
    }
    else {
        @type_constraint_names = @tcs;
    }

    ( scalar @type_constraint_names >= 2 )
        || throw_exception("UnionTakesAtleastTwoTypeNames");

    my @type_constraints = map {
        find_or_parse_type_constraint($_)
            || throw_exception( CouldNotLocateTypeConstraintForUnion => type_name => $_ );
    } @type_constraint_names;

    my %options = (
      type_constraints => \@type_constraints
    );
    $options{name} = $name if defined $name;

    return Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint::Union->new(%options);
}


sub create_parameterized_type_constraint {
    my $type_constraint_name = shift;
    my ( $base_type, $type_parameter )
        = _parse_parameterized_type_constraint($type_constraint_name);

    ( defined $base_type && defined $type_parameter )
        || throw_exception( InvalidTypeGivenToCreateParameterizedTypeConstraint => type_name => $type_constraint_name );

    if ( $REGISTRY->has_type_constraint($base_type) ) {
        my $base_type_tc = $REGISTRY->get_type_constraint($base_type);
        return _create_parameterized_type_constraint(
            $base_type_tc,
            $type_parameter
        );
    }
    else {
        throw_exception( InvalidBaseTypeGivenToCreateParameterizedTypeConstraint => type_name => $base_type );
    }
}

sub _create_parameterized_type_constraint {
    my ( $base_type_tc, $type_parameter ) = @_;
    if ( $base_type_tc->can('parameterize') ) {
        return $base_type_tc->parameterize($type_parameter);
    }
    else {
        return Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint::Parameterized->new(
            name   => $base_type_tc->name . '[' . $type_parameter . ']',
            parent => $base_type_tc,
            type_parameter =>
                find_or_create_isa_type_constraint($type_parameter),
        );
    }
}

#should we also support optimized checks?
sub create_class_type_constraint {
    my ( $class, $options ) = @_;

# too early for this check
#find_type_constraint("ClassName")->check($class)
#    || __PACKAGE__->_throw_error("Can't create a class type constraint because '$class' is not a class name");

    my $pkg_defined_in = $options->{package_defined_in} || scalar( caller(1) );

    if (my $type = $REGISTRY->get_type_constraint($class)) {
        if (!($type->isa('Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint::Class') && $type->class eq $class)) {
            throw_exception( TypeConstraintIsAlreadyCreated => package_defined_in => $pkg_defined_in,
                                                               type_name          => $type->name,
                           );
        }
        else {
            return $type;
        }
    }

    my %options = (
        class              => $class,
        name               => $class,
        package_defined_in => $pkg_defined_in,
        %{ $options || {} },    # overrides options from above
    );

    $options{name} ||= "__ANON__";

    my $tc = Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint::Class->new(%options);
    $REGISTRY->add_type_constraint($tc);
    return $tc;
}

sub create_role_type_constraint {
    my ( $role, $options ) = @_;

# too early for this check
#find_type_constraint("ClassName")->check($class)
#    || __PACKAGE__->_throw_error("Can't create a class type constraint because '$class' is not a class name");

    my $pkg_defined_in = $options->{package_defined_in} || scalar( caller(1) );

    if (my $type = $REGISTRY->get_type_constraint($role)) {
        if (!($type->isa('Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint::Role') && $type->role eq $role)) {
            throw_exception( TypeConstraintIsAlreadyCreated => type_name          => $type->name,
                                                               package_defined_in => $pkg_defined_in
                           );
        }
        else {
            return $type;
        }
    }

    my %options = (
        role               => $role,
        name               => $role,
        package_defined_in => $pkg_defined_in,
        %{ $options || {} },
    );

    $options{name} ||= "__ANON__";

    my $tc = Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint::Role->new(%options);
    $REGISTRY->add_type_constraint($tc);
    return $tc;
}

sub find_or_create_type_constraint {
    my ( $type_constraint_name, $options_for_anon_type ) = @_;

    if ( my $constraint
        = find_or_parse_type_constraint($type_constraint_name) ) {
        return $constraint;
    }
    elsif ( defined $options_for_anon_type ) {

        # NOTE:
        # if there is no $options_for_anon_type
        # specified, then we assume they don't
        # want to create one, and return nothing.

        # otherwise assume that we should create
        # an ANON type with the $options_for_anon_type
        # options which can be passed in. It should
        # be noted that these don't get registered
        # so we need to return it.
        # - SL
        return Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint->new(
            name => '__ANON__',
            %{$options_for_anon_type}
        );
    }

    return;
}

sub find_or_create_isa_type_constraint {
    my ($type_constraint_name, $options) = @_;
    find_or_parse_type_constraint($type_constraint_name)
        || create_class_type_constraint($type_constraint_name, $options);
}

sub find_or_create_does_type_constraint {
    my ($type_constraint_name, $options) = @_;
    find_or_parse_type_constraint($type_constraint_name)
        || create_role_type_constraint($type_constraint_name, $options);
}

sub find_or_parse_type_constraint {
    my $type_constraint_name = normalize_type_constraint_name(shift);
    my $constraint;

    if ( $constraint = find_type_constraint($type_constraint_name) ) {
        return $constraint;
    }
    elsif ( _detect_type_constraint_union($type_constraint_name) ) {
        $constraint = create_type_constraint_union($type_constraint_name);
    }
    elsif ( _detect_parameterized_type_constraint($type_constraint_name) ) {
        $constraint
            = create_parameterized_type_constraint($type_constraint_name);
    }
    else {
        return;
    }

    $REGISTRY->add_type_constraint($constraint);
    return $constraint;
}

sub normalize_type_constraint_name {
    my $type_constraint_name = shift;
    $type_constraint_name =~ s/\s//g;
    return $type_constraint_name;
}

sub _confess {
    my $error = shift;

    local $Carp::CarpLevel = $Carp::CarpLevel + 1;
    Carp::confess($error);
}

## --------------------------------------------------------
## exported functions ...
## --------------------------------------------------------

sub find_type_constraint {
    my $type = shift;

    if ( blessed $type and $type->isa("Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint") ) {
        return $type;
    }
    else {
        return unless $REGISTRY->has_type_constraint($type);
        return $REGISTRY->get_type_constraint($type);
    }
}

sub register_type_constraint {
    my $constraint = shift;
    throw_exception( CannotRegisterUnnamedTypeConstraint => type => $constraint )
        unless defined $constraint->name;
    $REGISTRY->add_type_constraint($constraint);
    return $constraint;
}

# type constructors

sub type {
    my $name = shift;

    my %p = map { %{$_} } @_;

    return _create_type_constraint(
        $name, undef, $p{where}, $p{message},
        $p{inline_as},
    );
}

sub subtype {
    if ( @_ == 1 && !ref $_[0] ) {
        throw_exception( NoParentGivenToSubtype => name => $_[0] );
    }

    # The blessed check is mostly to accommodate MooseX::Types, which
    # uses an object which overloads stringification as a type name.
    my $name = ref $_[0] && !blessed $_[0] ? undef : shift;

    my %p = map { %{$_} } @_;

    # subtype Str => where { ... };
    if ( !exists $p{as} ) {
        $p{as} = $name;
        $name = undef;
    }

    return _create_type_constraint(
        $name, $p{as}, $p{where}, $p{message},
        $p{inline_as},
    );
}

sub class_type {
    create_class_type_constraint(@_);
}

sub role_type ($;$) {
    create_role_type_constraint(@_);
}

sub maybe_type {
    my ($type_parameter) = @_;

    register_type_constraint(
        $REGISTRY->get_type_constraint('Maybe')->parameterize($type_parameter)
    );
}

sub duck_type {
    my ( $type_name, @methods ) = @_;
    if ( ref $type_name eq 'ARRAY' && !@methods ) {
        @methods   = ($type_name);
        $type_name = undef;
    }
    if ( @methods == 1 && ref $methods[0] eq 'ARRAY' ) {
        @methods = @{ $methods[0] };
    }
    else {
        Moose::Deprecated::deprecated(
            feature => 'non-arrayref form of duck_type',
            message => "Passing a list of values to duck_type is deprecated. "
                     . "The method names should be wrapped in an arrayref.",
        );
    }

    register_type_constraint(
        create_duck_type_constraint(
            $type_name,
            \@methods,
        )
    );
}

sub coerce {
    my ( $type_name, @coercion_map ) = @_;
    _install_type_coercions( $type_name, \@coercion_map );
}

# The trick of returning @_ lets us avoid having to specify a
# prototype. Perl will parse this:
#
# subtype 'Foo'
#     => as 'Str'
#     => where { ... }
#
# as this:
#
# subtype( 'Foo', as( 'Str', where { ... } ) );
#
# If as() returns all its extra arguments, this just works, and
# preserves backwards compatibility.
sub as { +{ as => shift }, @_ }
sub where (&)       { +{ where       => $_[0] } }
sub message (&)     { +{ message     => $_[0] } }
sub inline_as (&)   { +{ inline_as   => $_[0] } }

sub from    { @_ }
sub via (&) { $_[0] }

sub enum {
    my ( $type_name, @values ) = @_;

    # NOTE:
    # if only an array-ref is passed then
    # you get an anon-enum
    # - SL
    if ( ref $type_name eq 'ARRAY' ) {
        @values == 0
            || throw_exception( EnumCalledWithAnArrayRefAndAdditionalArgs => array => $type_name,
                                                                             args  => \@values
                              );
        @values    = ($type_name);
        $type_name = undef;
    }
    if ( @values == 1 && ref $values[0] eq 'ARRAY' ) {
        @values = @{ $values[0] };
    }
    else {
        Moose::Deprecated::deprecated(
            feature => 'non-arrayref form of enum',
            message => "Passing a list of values to enum is deprecated. "
                     . "Enum values should be wrapped in an arrayref.",
        );
    }

    register_type_constraint(
        create_enum_type_constraint(
            $type_name,
            \@values,
        )
    );
}

sub union {
  my ( $type_name, @constraints ) = @_;
  if ( ref $type_name eq 'ARRAY' ) {
    @constraints == 0
      || throw_exception( UnionCalledWithAnArrayRefAndAdditionalArgs => array => $type_name,
                                                                        args  => \@constraints
                        );
    @constraints = @$type_name;
    $type_name   = undef;
  }
  if ( @constraints == 1 && ref $constraints[0] eq 'ARRAY' ) {
    @constraints = @{ $constraints[0] };
  }
  if ( defined $type_name ) {
    return register_type_constraint(
      create_named_type_constraint_union( $type_name, @constraints )
    );
  }
  return create_type_constraint_union( @constraints );
}

sub create_enum_type_constraint {
    my ( $type_name, $values ) = @_;

    Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint::Enum->new(
        name => $type_name || '__ANON__',
        values => $values,
    );
}

sub create_duck_type_constraint {
    my ( $type_name, $methods ) = @_;

    Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint::DuckType->new(
        name => $type_name || '__ANON__',
        methods => $methods,
    );
}

sub match_on_type {
    my ($to_match, @cases) = @_;
    my $default;
    if (@cases % 2 != 0) {
        $default = pop @cases;
        (ref $default eq 'CODE')
            || throw_exception( DefaultToMatchOnTypeMustBeCodeRef => to_match            => $to_match,
                                                                     default_action      => $default,
                                                                     cases_to_be_matched => \@cases
                              );
    }
    while (@cases) {
        my ($type, $action) = splice @cases, 0, 2;

        unless (blessed $type && $type->isa('Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint')) {
            $type = find_or_parse_type_constraint($type)
                 || throw_exception( CannotFindTypeGivenToMatchOnType => type     => $type,
                                                                         to_match => $to_match,
                                                                         action   => $action
                                   );
        }

        (ref $action eq 'CODE')
            || throw_exception( MatchActionMustBeACodeRef => type_name => $type->name,
                                                             action    => $action,
                                                             to_match  => $to_match
                              );

        if ($type->check($to_match)) {
            local $_ = $to_match;
            return $action->($to_match);
        }
    }
    (defined $default)
        || throw_exception( NoCasesMatched => to_match            => $to_match,
                                              cases_to_be_matched => \@cases
                          );
    {
        local $_ = $to_match;
        return $default->($to_match);
    }
}


## --------------------------------------------------------
## desugaring functions ...
## --------------------------------------------------------

sub _create_type_constraint ($$$;$) {
    my $name      = shift;
    my $parent    = shift;
    my $check     = shift;
    my $message   = shift;
    my $inlined   = shift;

    my $pkg_defined_in = scalar( caller(1) );

    if ( defined $name ) {
        my $type = $REGISTRY->get_type_constraint($name);

        ( $type->_package_defined_in eq $pkg_defined_in )
            || throw_exception( TypeConstraintIsAlreadyCreated => package_defined_in => $pkg_defined_in,
                                                                  type_name          => $type->name,
                              )
            if defined $type;

        if( $name !~ /^[\w:\.]+$/ ) {
            throw_exception( InvalidNameForType => name => $name );
        }
    }

    my %opts = (
        name               => $name,
        package_defined_in => $pkg_defined_in,

        ( $check     ? ( constraint => $check )     : () ),
        ( $message   ? ( message    => $message )   : () ),
        ( $inlined   ? ( inlined    => $inlined )   : () ),
    );

    my $constraint;
    if (
        defined $parent
        and $parent
        = blessed $parent
        ? $parent
        : find_or_create_isa_type_constraint($parent)
        ) {
        $constraint = $parent->create_child_type(%opts);
    }
    else {
        $constraint = Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint->new(%opts);
    }

    $REGISTRY->add_type_constraint($constraint)
        if defined $name;

    return $constraint;
}

sub _install_type_coercions ($$) {
    my ( $type_name, $coercion_map ) = @_;
    my $type = find_type_constraint($type_name);
    ( defined $type )
        || throw_exception( CannotFindType => type_name => $type_name );

    if ( $type->has_coercion ) {
        $type->coercion->add_type_coercions(@$coercion_map);
    }
    else {
        my $type_coercion = Moose::Meta::TypeCoercion->new(
            type_coercion_map => $coercion_map,
            type_constraint   => $type
        );
        $type->coercion($type_coercion);
    }
}

## --------------------------------------------------------
## type notation parsing ...
## --------------------------------------------------------

{

    # All I have to say is mugwump++ cause I know
    # do not even have enough regexp-fu to be able
    # to have written this (I can only barely
    # understand it as it is)
    # - SL

    use re "eval";

    my $valid_chars = qr{[\w:\.]};
    my $type_atom   = qr{ (?>$valid_chars+) }x;
    my $ws          = qr{ (?>\s*) }x;
    my $op_union    = qr{ $ws \| $ws }x;

    my ($type, $type_capture_parts, $type_with_parameter, $union, $any);
    if (Class::MOP::IS_RUNNING_ON_5_10) {
        my $type_pattern
            = q{  (?&type_atom)  (?: \[ (?&ws)  (?&any)  (?&ws) \] )? };
        my $type_capture_parts_pattern
            = q{ ((?&type_atom)) (?: \[ (?&ws) ((?&any)) (?&ws) \] )? };
        my $type_with_parameter_pattern
            = q{  (?&type_atom)      \[ (?&ws)  (?&any)  (?&ws) \]    };
        my $union_pattern
            = q{ (?&type) (?> (?: (?&op_union) (?&type) )+ ) };
        my $any_pattern
            = q{ (?&type) | (?&union) };

        my $defines = qr{(?(DEFINE)
            (?<valid_chars>         $valid_chars)
            (?<type_atom>           $type_atom)
            (?<ws>                  $ws)
            (?<op_union>            $op_union)
            (?<type>                $type_pattern)
            (?<type_capture_parts>  $type_capture_parts_pattern)
            (?<type_with_parameter> $type_with_parameter_pattern)
            (?<union>               $union_pattern)
            (?<any>                 $any_pattern)
        )}x;

        $type                = qr{ $type_pattern                $defines }x;
        $type_capture_parts  = qr{ $type_capture_parts_pattern  $defines }x;
        $type_with_parameter = qr{ $type_with_parameter_pattern $defines }x;
        $union               = qr{ $union_pattern               $defines }x;
        $any                 = qr{ $any_pattern                 $defines }x;
    }
    else {
        $type
            = qr{  $type_atom  (?: \[ $ws  (??{$any})  $ws \] )? }x;
        $type_capture_parts
            = qr{ ($type_atom) (?: \[ $ws ((??{$any})) $ws \] )? }x;
        $type_with_parameter
            = qr{  $type_atom      \[ $ws  (??{$any})  $ws \]    }x;
        $union
            = qr{ $type (?> (?: $op_union $type )+ ) }x;
        $any
            = qr{ $type | $union }x;
    }


    sub _parse_parameterized_type_constraint {
        { no warnings 'void'; $any; }  # force capture of interpolated lexical
        $_[0] =~ m{ $type_capture_parts }x;
        return ( $1, $2 );
    }

    sub _detect_parameterized_type_constraint {
        { no warnings 'void'; $any; }  # force capture of interpolated lexical
        $_[0] =~ m{ ^ $type_with_parameter $ }x;
    }

    sub _parse_type_constraint_union {
        { no warnings 'void'; $any; }  # force capture of interpolated lexical
        my $given = shift;
        my @rv;
        while ( $given =~ m{ \G (?: $op_union )? ($type) }gcx ) {
            push @rv => $1;
        }
        ( pos($given) eq length($given) )
            || throw_exception( CouldNotParseType => type     => $given,
                                                     position => pos($given)
                              );
        @rv;
    }

    sub _detect_type_constraint_union {
        { no warnings 'void'; $any; }  # force capture of interpolated lexical
        $_[0] =~ m{^ $type $op_union $type ( $op_union .* )? $}x;
    }
}

## --------------------------------------------------------
# define some basic built-in types
## --------------------------------------------------------

# By making these classes immutable before creating all the types in
# Moose::Util::TypeConstraints::Builtin , we avoid repeatedly calling the slow
# MOP-based accessors.
$_->make_immutable(
    inline_constructor => 1,
    constructor_name   => "_new",

    # these are Class::MOP accessors, so they need inlining
    inline_accessors => 1
    ) for grep { $_->is_mutable }
    map { Class::MOP::class_of($_) }
    qw(
    Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint
    Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint::Union
    Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint::Parameterized
    Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint::Parameterizable
    Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint::Class
    Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint::Role
    Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint::Enum
    Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint::DuckType
    Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint::Registry
);

require Moose::Util::TypeConstraints::Builtins;
Moose::Util::TypeConstraints::Builtins::define_builtins($REGISTRY);

my @PARAMETERIZABLE_TYPES
    = map { $REGISTRY->get_type_constraint($_) } qw[ScalarRef ArrayRef HashRef Maybe];

sub get_all_parameterizable_types {@PARAMETERIZABLE_TYPES}

sub add_parameterizable_type {
    my $type = shift;
    ( blessed $type
            && $type->isa('Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint::Parameterizable') )
        || throw_exception( AddParameterizableTypeTakesParameterizableType => type_name => $type );

    push @PARAMETERIZABLE_TYPES => $type;
}

## --------------------------------------------------------
# end of built-in types ...
## --------------------------------------------------------

{
    my @BUILTINS = list_all_type_constraints();
    sub list_all_builtin_type_constraints {@BUILTINS}
}

1;

# ABSTRACT: Type constraint system for Moose

__END__

=pod

=encoding UTF-8

=head1 NAME

Moose::Util::TypeConstraints - Type constraint system for Moose

=head1 VERSION

version 2.2015

=head1 SYNOPSIS

  use Moose::Util::TypeConstraints;

  subtype 'Natural',
      as 'Int',
      where { $_ > 0 };

  subtype 'NaturalLessThanTen',
      as 'Natural',
      where { $_ < 10 },
      message { "This number ($_) is not less than ten!" };

  coerce 'Num',
      from 'Str',
      via { 0+$_ };

  class_type 'DateTimeClass', { class => 'DateTime' };

  role_type 'Barks', { role => 'Some::Library::Role::Barks' };

  enum 'RGBColors', [qw(red green blue)];

  union 'StringOrArray', [qw( String ArrayRef )];

  no Moose::Util::TypeConstraints;

=head1 DESCRIPTION

This module provides Moose with the ability to create custom type
constraints to be used in attribute definition.

=head2 Important Caveat

This is B<NOT> a type system for Perl 5. These are type constraints,
and they are not used by Moose unless you tell it to. No type
inference is performed, expressions are not typed, etc. etc. etc.

A type constraint is at heart a small "check if a value is valid"
function. A constraint can be associated with an attribute. This
simplifies parameter validation, and makes your code clearer to read,
because you can refer to constraints by name.

=head2 Slightly Less Important Caveat

It is B<always> a good idea to quote your type names.

This prevents Perl from trying to execute the call as an indirect
object call. This can be an issue when you have a subtype with the
same name as a valid class.

For instance:

  subtype DateTime => as Object => where { $_->isa('DateTime') };

will I<just work>, while this:

  use DateTime;
  subtype DateTime => as Object => where { $_->isa('DateTime') };

will fail silently and cause many headaches. The simple way to solve
this, as well as future proof your subtypes from classes which have
yet to have been created, is to quote the type name:

  use DateTime;
  subtype 'DateTime', as 'Object', where { $_->isa('DateTime') };

=head2 Default Type Constraints

This module also provides a simple hierarchy for Perl 5 types, here is
that hierarchy represented visually.

  Any
      Item
          Bool
          Maybe[`a]
          Undef
          Defined
              Value
                  Str
                      Num
                          Int
                      ClassName
                      RoleName
              Ref
                  ScalarRef[`a]
                  ArrayRef[`a]
                  HashRef[`a]
                  CodeRef
                  RegexpRef
                  GlobRef
                  FileHandle
                  Object

B<NOTE:> Any type followed by a type parameter C<[`a]> can be
parameterized, this means you can say:

  ArrayRef[Int]    # an array of integers
  HashRef[CodeRef] # a hash of str to CODE ref mappings
  ScalarRef[Int]   # a reference to an integer
  Maybe[Str]       # value may be a string, may be undefined

If Moose finds a name in brackets that it does not recognize as an
existing type, it assumes that this is a class name, for example
C<ArrayRef[DateTime]>.

B<NOTE:> Unless you parameterize a type, then it is invalid to include
the square brackets. I.e. C<ArrayRef[]> will be treated as a new type
name, I<not> as a parameterization of C<ArrayRef>.

B<NOTE:> The C<Undef> type constraint for the most part works
correctly now, but edge cases may still exist, please use it
sparingly.

B<NOTE:> The C<ClassName> type constraint does a complex package
existence check. This means that your class B<must> be loaded for this
type constraint to pass.

B<NOTE:> The C<RoleName> constraint checks a string is a I<package
name> which is a role, like C<'MyApp::Role::Comparable'>.

=head2 Type Constraint Naming

Type names declared via this module can only contain alphanumeric
characters, colons (:), and periods (.).

Since the types created by this module are global, it is suggested
that you namespace your types just as you would namespace your
modules. So instead of creating a I<Color> type for your
B<My::Graphics> module, you would call the type
I<My::Graphics::Types::Color> instead.

=head2 Use with Other Constraint Modules

This module can play nicely with other constraint modules with some
slight tweaking. The C<where> clause in types is expected to be a
C<CODE> reference which checks its first argument and returns a
boolean. Since most constraint modules work in a similar way, it
should be simple to adapt them to work with Moose.

For instance, this is how you could use it with
L<Declare::Constraints::Simple> to declare a completely new type.

  type 'HashOfArrayOfObjects',
      where {
          IsHashRef(
              -keys   => HasLength,
              -values => IsArrayRef(IsObject)
          )->(@_);
      };

For more examples see the F<t/examples/example_w_DCS.t> test
file.

Here is an example of using L<Test::Deep> and its non-test
related C<eq_deeply> function.

  type 'ArrayOfHashOfBarsAndRandomNumbers',
      where {
          eq_deeply($_,
              array_each(subhashof({
                  bar           => isa('Bar'),
                  random_number => ignore()
              })))
        };

For a complete example see the
F<t/examples/example_w_TestDeep.t> test file.

=head2 Error messages

Type constraints can also specify custom error messages, for when they fail to
validate. This is provided as just another coderef, which receives the invalid
value in C<$_>, as in:

  subtype 'PositiveInt',
       as 'Int',
       where { $_ > 0 },
       message { "$_ is not a positive integer!" };

If no message is specified, a default message will be used, which indicates
which type constraint was being used and what value failed. If
L<Devel::PartialDump> (version 0.14 or higher) is installed, it will be used to
display the invalid value, otherwise it will just be printed as is.

=head1 FUNCTIONS

=head2 Type Constraint Constructors

The following functions are used to create type constraints.  They
will also register the type constraints your create in a global
registry that is used to look types up by name.

See the L</SYNOPSIS> for an example of how to use these.

=head3 subtype 'Name', as 'Parent', where { } ...

This creates a named subtype.

If you provide a parent that Moose does not recognize, it will
automatically create a new class type constraint for this name.

When creating a named type, the C<subtype> function should either be
called with the sugar helpers (C<where>, C<message>, etc), or with a
name and a hashref of parameters:

 subtype( 'Foo', { where => ..., message => ... } );

The valid hashref keys are C<as> (the parent), C<where>, C<message>,
and C<inline_as>.

=head3 subtype as 'Parent', where { } ...

This creates an unnamed subtype and will return the type
constraint meta-object, which will be an instance of
L<Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint>.

When creating an anonymous type, the C<subtype> function should either
be called with the sugar helpers (C<where>, C<message>, etc), or with
just a hashref of parameters:

 subtype( { where => ..., message => ... } );

=head3 class_type ($class, ?$options)

Creates a new subtype of C<Object> with the name C<$class> and the
metaclass L<Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint::Class>.

  # Create a type called 'Box' which tests for objects which ->isa('Box')
  class_type 'Box';

By default, the name of the type and the name of the class are the same, but
you can specify both separately.

  # Create a type called 'Box' which tests for objects which ->isa('ObjectLibrary::Box');
  class_type 'Box', { class => 'ObjectLibrary::Box' };

=head3 role_type ($role, ?$options)

Creates a C<Role> type constraint with the name C<$role> and the
metaclass L<Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint::Role>.

  # Create a type called 'Walks' which tests for objects which ->does('Walks')
  role_type 'Walks';

By default, the name of the type and the name of the role are the same, but
you can specify both separately.

  # Create a type called 'Walks' which tests for objects which ->does('MooseX::Role::Walks');
  role_type 'Walks', { role => 'MooseX::Role::Walks' };

=head3 maybe_type ($type)

Creates a type constraint for either C<undef> or something of the
given type.

=head3 duck_type ($name, \@methods)

This will create a subtype of Object and test to make sure the value
C<can()> do the methods in C<\@methods>.

This is intended as an easy way to accept non-Moose objects that
provide a certain interface. If you're using Moose classes, we
recommend that you use a C<requires>-only Role instead.

=head3 duck_type (\@methods)

If passed an ARRAY reference as the only parameter instead of the
C<$name>, C<\@methods> pair, this will create an unnamed duck type.
This can be used in an attribute definition like so:

  has 'cache' => (
      is  => 'ro',
      isa => duck_type( [qw( get_set )] ),
  );

=head3 enum ($name, \@values)

This will create a basic subtype for a given set of strings.
The resulting constraint will be a subtype of C<Str> and
will match any of the items in C<\@values>. It is case sensitive.
See the L</SYNOPSIS> for a simple example.

B<NOTE:> This is not a true proper enum type, it is simply
a convenient constraint builder.

=head3 enum (\@values)

If passed an ARRAY reference as the only parameter instead of the
C<$name>, C<\@values> pair, this will create an unnamed enum. This
can then be used in an attribute definition like so:

  has 'sort_order' => (
      is  => 'ro',
      isa => enum([qw[ ascending descending ]]),
  );

=head3 union ($name, \@constraints)

This will create a basic subtype where any of the provided constraints
may match in order to satisfy this constraint.

=head3 union (\@constraints)

If passed an ARRAY reference as the only parameter instead of the
C<$name>, C<\@constraints> pair, this will create an unnamed union.
This can then be used in an attribute definition like so:

  has 'items' => (
      is => 'ro',
      isa => union([qw[ Str ArrayRef ]]),
  );

This is similar to the existing string union:

  isa => 'Str|ArrayRef'

except that it supports anonymous elements as child constraints:

  has 'color' => (
    isa => 'ro',
    isa => union([ 'Int',  enum([qw[ red green blue ]]) ]),
  );

=head3 as 'Parent'

This is just sugar for the type constraint construction syntax.

It takes a single argument, which is the name of a parent type.

=head3 where { ... }

This is just sugar for the type constraint construction syntax.

It takes a subroutine reference as an argument. When the type
constraint is tested, the reference is run with the value to be tested
in C<$_>. This reference should return true or false to indicate
whether or not the constraint check passed.

=head3 message { ... }

This is just sugar for the type constraint construction syntax.

It takes a subroutine reference as an argument. When the type
constraint fails, then the code block is run with the value provided
in C<$_>. This reference should return a string, which will be used in
the text of the exception thrown.

=head3 inline_as { ... }

This can be used to define a "hand optimized" inlinable version of your type
constraint.

You provide a subroutine which will be called I<as a method> on a
L<Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint> object. It will receive a single parameter, the
name of the variable to check, typically something like C<"$_"> or C<"$_[0]">.

The subroutine should return a code string suitable for inlining. You can
assume that the check will be wrapped in parentheses when it is inlined.

The inlined code should include any checks that your type's parent types
do. If your parent type constraint defines its own inlining, you can simply use
that to avoid repeating code. For example, here is the inlining code for the
C<Value> type, which is a subtype of C<Defined>:

    sub {
        $_[0]->parent()->_inline_check($_[1])
        . ' && !ref(' . $_[1] . ')'
    }

=head3 type 'Name', where { } ...

This creates a base type, which has no parent.

The C<type> function should either be called with the sugar helpers
(C<where>, C<message>, etc), or with a name and a hashref of
parameters:

  type( 'Foo', { where => ..., message => ... } );

The valid hashref keys are C<where>, C<message>, and C<inlined_as>.

=head2 Type Constraint Utilities

=head3 match_on_type $value => ( $type => \&action, ... ?\&default )

This is a utility function for doing simple type based dispatching similar to
match/case in OCaml and case/of in Haskell. It is not as featureful as those
languages, nor does not it support any kind of automatic destructuring
bind. Here is a simple Perl pretty printer dispatching over the core Moose
types.

  sub ppprint {
      my $x = shift;
      match_on_type $x => (
          HashRef => sub {
              my $hash = shift;
              '{ '
                  . (
                  join ", " => map { $_ . ' => ' . ppprint( $hash->{$_} ) }
                      sort keys %$hash
                  ) . ' }';
          },
          ArrayRef => sub {
              my $array = shift;
              '[ ' . ( join ", " => map { ppprint($_) } @$array ) . ' ]';
          },
          CodeRef   => sub {'sub { ... }'},
          RegexpRef => sub { 'qr/' . $_ . '/' },
          GlobRef   => sub { '*' . B::svref_2object($_)->NAME },
          Object    => sub { $_->can('to_string') ? $_->to_string : $_ },
          ScalarRef => sub { '\\' . ppprint( ${$_} ) },
          Num       => sub {$_},
          Str       => sub { '"' . $_ . '"' },
          Undef     => sub {'undef'},
          => sub { die "I don't know what $_ is" }
      );
  }

Or a simple JSON serializer:

  sub to_json {
      my $x = shift;
      match_on_type $x => (
          HashRef => sub {
              my $hash = shift;
              '{ '
                  . (
                  join ", " =>
                      map { '"' . $_ . '" : ' . to_json( $hash->{$_} ) }
                      sort keys %$hash
                  ) . ' }';
          },
          ArrayRef => sub {
              my $array = shift;
              '[ ' . ( join ", " => map { to_json($_) } @$array ) . ' ]';
          },
          Num   => sub {$_},
          Str   => sub { '"' . $_ . '"' },
          Undef => sub {'null'},
          => sub { die "$_ is not acceptable json type" }
      );
  }

The matcher is done by mapping a C<$type> to an C<\&action>. The C<$type> can
be either a string type or a L<Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint> object, and
C<\&action> is a subroutine reference. This function will dispatch on the
first match for C<$value>. It is possible to have a catch-all by providing an
additional subroutine reference as the final argument to C<match_on_type>.

=head2 Type Coercion Constructors

You can define coercions for type constraints, which allow you to
automatically transform values to something valid for the type
constraint. If you ask your accessor to coerce by adding the option C<< coerce => 1 >>, then Moose will run
the type-coercion code first, followed by the type constraint
check. This feature should be used carefully as it is very powerful
and could easily take off a limb if you are not careful.

See the L</SYNOPSIS> for an example of how to use these.

=head3 coerce 'Name', from 'OtherName', via { ... }

This defines a coercion from one type to another. The C<Name> argument
is the type you are coercing I<to>.

To define multiple coercions, supply more sets of from/via pairs:

  coerce 'Name',
    from 'OtherName', via { ... },
    from 'ThirdName', via { ... };

=head3 from 'OtherName'

This is just sugar for the type coercion construction syntax.

It takes a single type name (or type object), which is the type being
coerced I<from>.

=head3 via { ... }

This is just sugar for the type coercion construction syntax.

It takes a subroutine reference. This reference will be called with
the value to be coerced in C<$_>. It is expected to return a new value
of the proper type for the coercion.

=head2 Creating and Finding Type Constraints

These are additional functions for creating and finding type
constraints. Most of these functions are not available for
importing. The ones that are importable as specified.

=head3 find_type_constraint($type_name)

This function can be used to locate the L<Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint>
object for a named type.

This function is importable.

=head3 register_type_constraint($type_object)

This function will register a L<Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint> with the
global type registry.

This function is importable.

=head3 normalize_type_constraint_name($type_constraint_name)

This method takes a type constraint name and returns the normalized
form. This removes any whitespace in the string.

=head3 create_type_constraint_union($pipe_separated_types | @type_constraint_names)

=head3 create_named_type_constraint_union($name, $pipe_separated_types | @type_constraint_names)

This can take a union type specification like C<'Int|ArrayRef[Int]'>,
or a list of names. It returns a new
L<Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint::Union> object.

=head3 create_parameterized_type_constraint($type_name)

Given a C<$type_name> in the form of C<'BaseType[ContainerType]'>,
this will create a new L<Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint::Parameterized>
object. The C<BaseType> must already exist as a parameterizable
type.

=head3 create_class_type_constraint($class, $options)

Given a class name this function will create a new
L<Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint::Class> object for that class name.

The C<$options> is a hash reference that will be passed to the
L<Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint::Class> constructor (as a hash).

=head3 create_role_type_constraint($role, $options)

Given a role name this function will create a new
L<Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint::Role> object for that role name.

The C<$options> is a hash reference that will be passed to the
L<Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint::Role> constructor (as a hash).

=head3 create_enum_type_constraint($name, $values)

Given a enum name this function will create a new
L<Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint::Enum> object for that enum name.

=head3 create_duck_type_constraint($name, $methods)

Given a duck type name this function will create a new
L<Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint::DuckType> object for that enum name.

=head3 find_or_parse_type_constraint($type_name)

Given a type name, this first attempts to find a matching constraint
in the global registry.

If the type name is a union or parameterized type, it will create a
new object of the appropriate, but if given a "regular" type that does
not yet exist, it simply returns false.

When given a union or parameterized type, the member or base type must
already exist.

If it creates a new union or parameterized type, it will add it to the
global registry.

=head3 find_or_create_isa_type_constraint($type_name)

=head3 find_or_create_does_type_constraint($type_name)

These functions will first call C<find_or_parse_type_constraint>. If
that function does not return a type, a new type object will
be created.

The C<isa> variant will use C<create_class_type_constraint> and the
C<does> variant will use C<create_role_type_constraint>.

=head3 get_type_constraint_registry

Returns the L<Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint::Registry> object which
keeps track of all type constraints.

=head3 list_all_type_constraints

This will return a list of type constraint names in the global
registry. You can then fetch the actual type object using
C<find_type_constraint($type_name)>.

=head3 list_all_builtin_type_constraints

This will return a list of builtin type constraints, meaning those
which are defined in this module. See the L<Default Type Constraints>
section for a complete list.

=head3 export_type_constraints_as_functions

This will export all the current type constraints as functions into
the caller's namespace (C<Int()>, C<Str()>, etc). Right now, this is
mostly used for testing, but it might prove useful to others.

=head3 get_all_parameterizable_types

This returns all the parameterizable types that have been registered,
as a list of type objects.

=head3 add_parameterizable_type($type)

Adds C<$type> to the list of parameterizable types

=head1 BUGS

See L<Moose/BUGS> for details on reporting bugs.

=head1 AUTHORS

=over 4

=item *

Stevan Little <stevan@cpan.org>

=item *

Dave Rolsky <autarch@urth.org>

=item *

Jesse Luehrs <doy@cpan.org>

=item *

Shawn M Moore <sartak@cpan.org>

=item *

יובל קוג'מן (Yuval Kogman) <nothingmuch@woobling.org>

=item *

Karen Etheridge <ether@cpan.org>

=item *

Florian Ragwitz <rafl@debian.org>

=item *

Hans Dieter Pearcey <hdp@cpan.org>

=item *

Chris Prather <chris@prather.org>

=item *

Matt S Trout <mstrout@cpan.org>

=back

=head1 COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE

This software is copyright (c) 2006 by Infinity Interactive, Inc.

This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
the same terms as the Perl 5 programming language system itself.

=cut
