1. age = x ± y (| z)

    where:

    x:
    y: .
    z:
  2. = x ± y (| z)

    where:

    x:
    y: .
    z:
  3. MSWD = x, p(χ2) = y

    where:

    x:
    y:
  4. dispersion = x ± y

    where:

    x:
    y: .

Ludwig, K.R., 2003. Mathematical–statistical treatment of data and errors for 230 Th/U geochronology. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 52(1), pp.631-656.