archdata - Archaeological Data Sets

Description

Includes archaeological data sets used in Quantitative Methods in Archaeology Using R by David L Carlson (Cambridge Manuals in Archaeology).

Details

Acheulean

Seven African Acheulean Sites

Arnhofen

Point pattern of mining pits from the Neolithic chert mine at Arnhofen

BACups

Bronze Age Cups from Italy

BarmoseI.grid

Flakes per grid unit from Barmose I, South Zealand, Denmark

BarmoseI.pp

Piece plotted artifacts from Barmose I, South Zealand, Denmark

Bornholm

Female Iron Age Graves, Bornholm, Denmark

DartPoints

Five dart point types from Fort Hood, Texas, U.S.A.

EIAGraves

Early Iron Age Graves - Tell el-Far'ah, Palestine

EndScrapers

Upper Paleolithic End Scrapers from Castenet A and Ferrassie H, France

EngrBone

Upper Paleolithic Engraved Bone Design Elements - Spain

ESASites

Early Stone Age Sites - Norway

EWBurials

Ernest Witte Cemetery, Austin, County, Texas, U.S.A.

Fibulae

Bronze La Tène fibulae from Műnsingen, Switzerland

Handaxes

Lower Paleolithic handaxes from Furze Platt, Maidenhead, Berkshire, England

MaskSite

Mask Site, Alaska, USA

Mesolithic

British Mesolithic assemblages

Michelsberg

Younger Neolithic Pottery from Central Europe

Nelson

Prehistoric Ceramics at Pueblo San Cristobal, New Mexico, U.S.A.

Olorgesailie.maj

Major stone tool classes, Olorgesailie, Kenya

Olorgesailie.sub

Stone tool subclasses, Olorgesailie, Kenya

OxfordPots

Distribution of Late Romano-British Oxford Pottery

PitHouses

Late Stone Age and Early Sami Iron Age Pithouses in Arctic Norway

RBGlass1

Romano-British Glass, Major and Minor Elements

RBGlass2

Romano-British Glass, Trace Elements

RBPottery

Romano-British Pottery

Snodgrass

House pits at the Mississippian Snodgrass site in Butler County, Missouri, U.S.A.

TRBPottery

Neolithic TRB Pottery from Demark

Author(s)

David L. Carlson and Georg Roth
Maintainer: David L. Carlson <dcarlson@tamu.edu>

References

See individual data sets for information on the source and publications illustrating their use.

Seven African Acheulean Sites

Description

Stone tool assemblage data from a paper by Lewis Binford (1972). The sites include Olorgesailie, Isimila, Kalambo Falls, Lochard, Kariandusi, Broken Hill, and Nsongezi. Data include approximate latitude and longitude for each site as well as the frequency for each of 12 stone tool types.

Usage

data(Acheulean)

Format

A data frame with 7 observations showing the site location and the number of specimens for each of 12 stone artifact types. The localities are identified by rownames.

Lat

Latitude (approximate)

Long

Longitude (approximate)

HA

Number of handaxes

CL

Number of cleavers

KN

Number of knives

FS

Number of flake scrapers

D

Number of discoids

CS

Number of core scrapers

P

Number of picks

CH

Number of choppers

SP

Number of spheroids

OLT

Number of other large tools

SS

Number of small scrapers

OST

Number of other small tools

Details

Binford (1972) presents the percentages for 12 tool types at 32 assemblages from 7 sites (including Olorgesailie) which was based on Maxine Kleindienst's analysis of Lower Paleolithic Acheulean sites in Africa (1961 and 1962). The data were also analyzed by Glynn Isaac (1977). To create the Acheulean data set, the percentages in the original publication have been converted back to counts by dividing by 100 and multiplying by the number of tools. The assemblages from each site are summed. The largest assemblage is Kalambo Falls with 1349 artifacts and the smallest is Broken Hill (Kabwe) with 94. The rownames identify each site and an attribute named Variables provides variable labels for each column.

Source

Binford, L. R. 1972. Contemporary Model Building: Paradigms and the Current State of Paleolithic Research. In Models in Archaeology, edited by D. L. Clarke, pp 109–166. Methuen.

References

Carlson, David L. 2017. Quantitative Methods in Archaeology Using R. Cambridge University Press, pp 304-314.

Isaac, Glynn Ll. 1977. Olorgesailie: Archeological Studies of a Middle Pleistocene Lake Basin in Kenya. University of Chicago.

Kleindienst, Maxine R. 1961. Variability within the Late Acheulian assemblage in East Africa. South African Archaeological Bulletin 16: 35–52.

Kleindienst, Maxine R. 1962. Components of the East African Acheulian assemblage: an analytic approach. In Actes du IVe Congrès Panafricain de Préhistoire et de l’Étude du Quaternaire, ed. C. Mortelmans and J. Nenquin, pp 81-105.

Examples

data(Acheulean)
# Compute percentages for each assemblage
Acheulean.pct <- prop.table(as.matrix(Acheulean[,3:14]), 1)*100
round(Acheulean.pct, 2)
plot(OST~HA, Acheulean.pct)
boxplot(Acheulean.pct)

Point pattern of mining pits from the Neolithic chert mine at Arnhofen

Description

The list object contains two data tables of coordinates, one representing the centers of round mining pits, the other holding the vertices of the observed polygonal area. Data was generated by G. Roth in 2006 (Roth 2008). Spatial distance unit is meter. For converting the data to a point pattern see Examples.

Usage

data(Arnhofen)

Format

A list with two entries. The first is a data frame, points, with 216 observations of x and y coordinates. Each line represents the center of a round mining pit. The second is a data frame, window, with 100 observations and 3 variables, x, y, and vertex ID. Each line represents a vertex of the polygonal observation area.

points$x

(num) x coordinates of pit centers in m

points$y

(num) y coordinates of pit centers in m

window$x

(num) x coordinates of observation window vertices in m

window$y

(num) y coordinates of observation window vertices in m

window$id

(num) id for observation window vertices

Details

The coordinates in dataframe points represent the centres of 216 mining pits in the southeastern section of the 2001 excavation at the Neolithic chert mine of Abensberg-Arnhofen (Roth 2008). Direct dates for mining from the excavation place the site at 5300-4200 BC while use of mined material ends with the Bell Beaker Culture suggesting an end date for the mine of ca. 2200 BC. The regular pit pattern presented here dates to about 4200 BC, i.e. to the Münchshöfen Culture (4500-4000 BC). Arnhofen is the largest neolithic mine in Germany. The mining organization was analyzed by Roth (2008) using point pattern analysis (cf. Baddeley et al. 2016) which showed the neolithic mining to be conducted by farmers from surrounding villages (presumably on a seasonal basis).

The pit centers were located manually in a GIS using excavation maps from between 3 to 4 m below present surface. Mining pits were similar to vertical tubes with an average diameter of 1 m and a rounded horizontal section. A point therefore represents the center of such a vertical tube in the horizontal plane. A few of the pits reached a depth of nearly 8 m below surface. The vertices of the observation area polygon circumscribe a slightly smaller region than the excavated area. The list contains the additional attributes: reference for the data, short data description (site) and geographical coordinates (Lat/Lon) of the excavation.

Source

Roth, G. 2008. Geben und Nehmen, Eine Wirtschaftshistorische Studie zum Neolithischen Hornsteinbergbau von Abensberg-Arnhofen, Kr. Kelheim (Niederbayern) [in 4 volumes]. online PhD-thesis, University of Cologne 2008. http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/4176.

References

Baddeley, A., E. Rubak and R. Turner. 2016. Spatial Point Patterns: Methodology and Applications with R. CRC Press. Boca Raton.

Examples

# data and package spatstat by A. Baddeley et al. 2016 for point pattern analysis
# package spatstat is described and illustrated in Baddeley et al. (2016)
if (requireNamespace("spatstat", quietly = TRUE)) {
library(spatstat)
data(Arnhofen)
ap <- Arnhofen	      # to shorten the following code

# generate observation window object; note the polygonal outline.
arnwin <- owin(poly=ap$window[, 1:2])	

# generate point process pattern object from points and owin object
app <- ppp(ap$points$x, ap$points$y, arnwin) 
unitname(app) <- c("metre", "metres")   # optional, asign unitnames

# note that owin vertices traverse the polygon anticlockwise
plot(arnwin)
points(ap$window[, 1:2], pch=3, cex=.5)
text(ap$window[, 1], ap$window[, 2], ap$window[, 3], pos=3, cex=.7)

# visual inspection of the point process pattern 
plot(app)

# Computing the summary function "centered Besag's L" assuming
# homogeneous intensity. Centered Besag's L is just a conveniently 
# transformed Ripley's K. see references in ?Lest.

set.seed(1)	
Lcentrd <- envelope(app, Lest, nsim=49, nrank=1, global=TRUE, r=seq(0,7, 0.01),
     correction="translate", transform=expression(.-r))
# for the arguments see ?Kest and ?envelope. 

tm <- "Centered Besags's L for Arnhofen-Southeast"  # title

plot(Lcentrd, legendpos="bottomright", legendargs=list(bg="white"),
     main=tm, las=1)

# The deviations below envelopes suggest regular inter point distances
# at the 1 percent level - deviations above would have suggested clustering
# with r representing the radius of round clusters.

plot(Lcentrd, xlim=c(.5,2), legendpos="topright", legendargs=list(bg="white"),
     las=1, main=tm)
(inhibr <- Lcentrd$r[Lcentrd$obs<Lcentrd$lo])	

# significant inhibition between pits with an average diameter of 1 m pits
# were spaced at regular distances up to about 0.7 m apart:

max(inhibr) - 1

citation("spatstat") # don't forget to reference the method.
} else {
  cat("This example requires package spatstat.\n")
}

Bronze Age Cups from Italy

Description

Measurements on Early and Late Bronze Age ceramic cups from Italy analyzed by Lukesh and Howe (1978).

Usage

data("BACups")

Format

A data frame with 60 observations on the following 6 variables.

RD

Rim Diameter

ND

Neck Diameter

SD

Shoulder Diameter

H

Total Height

NH

Neck Height

Phase

Chronological Phase: Protoapennine, Subapennine

Details

These data on the dimensions of Bronze Age cups from Italy are a subset extracted from a set published by Lukesh and Howe (1978) of the specimens for which full data was available. The data were scanned from Table A4 (Appendix A) in Baxter (1994). The Protoapennine cups are Early Bronze Age while the Subapennine cups are Late Bronze Age.

Source

Baxter, M. J. 1994. Exploratory Multivariate Analysis in Archaeology. Edinburgh University Press. Edinburgh.

Lukesh S. S. and S. Howe 1978. Protoapennine vs. Subapennine: Mathematical Distinction Between Two Ceramic Phases. Journal of Field Archaeology 5: 339-47.

Examples

data(BACups)
by(BACups[, -6], BACups$Phase, summary)
plot(RD~H, BACups, pch=as.numeric(Phase))
legend("topleft", levels(BACups$Phase), pch=1:2)

Flakes per grid unit from Barmose I, South Zealand, Denmark

Description

Flake counts for each of 107 contiguous grid units at the Barmose I Maglemosian site used by Blankholm (1991) to illustrate several spatial analysis methods.

Usage

data(BarmoseI.grid)

Format

A data frame with 107 observations on the following 3 variables.

North

North coordinate of southwest corner of unit

East

East coordinate of southwest corner of unit

Debitage

Number of flakes

Details

Barmose I is an early Maglemosian (7500 - 6000 BCE) site located in Barmosen in South Zealand, Denmark. The site was excavated in 1967-1971 by Axel Johansson (Johansson 1971 and 1990). Flake counts and grid coordinates were taken from Figure 100 in Blankholm (1991) for BarmoseI.grid. BarmoseI.pp includes the locations of 473 artifacts from Appendix C of Blankholm's book.

Source

Blankholm, Hans Peter. 1991. Intrasite Spatial Analysis in Theory and Practice. Aarhus University Press.

References

Carlson, David L. 2017. Quantitative Methods in Archaeology Using R. Cambridge University Press, pp 358-367.

Johansson, Axel. 1971. Barmosegruppen. Præboreale Bopladsfund me Skiveøkser i Sydsjælland. Foreløbig Meddelelse. Historisk Samfund for Præstø Amt. Årbog 1968, pp. 101-170.

Johansson, Axel. 1990. Barmosegruppen. Præboreale Bopladsfund i Sydsjælland. Årbog. Aarhus University Press.

Examples

data(BarmoseI.grid)
plot(North~East, BarmoseI.grid, xlim=c(0, 12), ylim=c(0, 14), type="n", asp=1)
with(BarmoseI.grid, text(East+.5, North+.5, Debitage, cex=.8))

Piece plotted artifacts from Barmose I, South Zealand, Denmark

Description

Two dimensional locations of 473 artifacts at the Barmose I Maglemosian site used by Blankholm (1991) to illustrate several spatial analysis methods.

Usage

data(BarmoseI.pp)

Format

A data frame with 473 observations on the following 4 variables.

North

North coordinate

East

East coordinate

Class

Numeric code used by Blankholm: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11

Label

Artifact type: Scrapers, Burins, Lanceolate Microliths, Microburins, Flake Axes, Core Axes, Square Knives, Blade/Flake Knives, Denticulated/Notched Pieces, Cores, Core Platforms

Details

Barmose I is an early Maglemosian (7500 - 6000 BCE) site located in Barmosen in South Zealand, Denmark. The site was excavated in 1967-1971 by Axel Johansson (Johansson 1971 and 1990). Flake counts and grid coordinates were taken from Figure 100 in Blankholm (1991) for BarmoseI.grid. BarmoseI.pp includes the locations of 473 artifacts from Appendix C of Blankholm's book (1991).

Source

Blankholm, Hans Peter. 1991. Intrasite Spatial Analysis in Theory and Practice. Aarhus University Press.

References

Carlson, David L. 2017. Quantitative Methods in Archaeology Using R. Cambridge University Press, pp 367-377.

Johansson, Axel. 1971. Barmosegruppen. Præboreale Bopladsfund me Skiveøkser i Sydsjælland. Foreløbig Meddelelse. Historisk Samfund for Præstø Amt. Årbog 1968, pp. 101–170.

Johansson, Axel. 1990. Barmosegruppen. Præboreale Bopladsfund i Sydsjælland. Årbog. Aarhus University Press.

Examples

data(BarmoseI.pp)
plot(North~East, BarmoseI.pp, asp=1, pch=as.numeric(Class))
legend("bottomleft", levels(BarmoseI.pp$Label), pch=1:11, cex=.75)

Female Iron Age Graves, Bornholm, Denmark

Description

Data on the occurrence of 39 different types of ornamentation in 77 female graves at Iron age sites in in Bornholm, Denmark.

Usage

data("Bornholm")

Format

A data frame with 77 observations on the following 42 variables.

Number

Observation Number

Site

Site/Bural Number

Period

Chronological period: 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 2c, 3a, and 3b

N2c

count

R3d

count

N2a

count

Q3b

count

R3c

count

N1

count

Q3c

count

O1

count

O2

count

N2e

count

I3

count

R3b

count

K1a

count

Q3a

count

I2

count

K1c

count

K1b

count

H

count

Q3d

count

J1d

count

S1

count

D

count

Q2

count

S3

count

P2

count

P4

count

G3

count

E2a

count

P3

count

R3a

count

R1

count

E2b

count

G2

count

I1b

count

G1

count

F

count

P1

count

I1a

count

A2e

count

Details

Nielsen used data on 39 different types of ornaments from Ørsnes (1966) to seriate a series of 77 Late Germanic Iron Age (CE 550 - 800) graves from Bornholm, Denmark (1988, Table 4 and Figure 7). Baxter re-analyzed the data to illustrate correspondence analysis (1994: 104-107, Table A6). These data were taken from Nielsen's Table 4 showing her seriation. Baxter's version is scrambled in order to evaluate different seriation methods and does not include the ornament types (illustrated in Nielson's Figure 7). The data include Ørsnes's period and subperiod designations (1966).

Source

Baxter, M. J. 1994. Exploratory Multivariate Analysis in Archaeology. Edinburgh University Press. Edinburgh.

Nielsen, K. H. 1988. Correspondence Analysis Applied to Hords and Graves of the Germanic Iron Age. In Multivariate Archaeology: Numerical Approaches in Scandinavian Archaeology, edited by Torsten Madsen, pp 37-54. Jutland Archaeological Society Publications XXI. Arahus University Press.

Ørsnes, M. 1966. Form og stil i Sydskandinaviens yngre germanske jernalder. Nationalmuseets skrifter. Arkæologisk-historisk række 11. Copenhagen.

Examples

if (requireNamespace("MASS", quietly = TRUE)) {
  data(Bornholm)
  Bornholm.ca <- MASS::corresp(Bornholm[, 4:42], nf=2)
  plot(Bornholm.ca$rscore, pch=substring(Bornholm$Period, 1, 1), cex=.75)
  boxplot(Bornholm.ca$rscore[, 1]~Bornholm$Period, main="First CA Axis by Period")
} else {
  cat("This example requires the MASS package.\n")
}

Five dart point types from Fort Hood, Texas, U.S.A.

Description

Metric and categorical measurements on 91 Archaic dart points recovered during surface surveys at Fort Hood, Texas representing five types.

Usage

data(DartPoints)

Format

A data frame with 91 observations on the following 17 variables.

Name

Dart point type: Darl, Ensor, Pedernales, Travis, Wells

Catalog

Fort Hood catalog number

TARL

Texas Archeological Research Laboratory site number

Quad

Fort Hood Quad

Length

Maximum Length (mm)

Width

Maximum Width (mm)

Thickness

Maxmimum Thickness (mm)

B.Width

Basal width (mm)

J.Width

Juncture width (mm)

H.Length

Haft element length (mm)

Weight

Weight (gm)

Blade.Sh

Blade shape: E - Excurvate, I - Incurvate, R - Recurvate, S - Straight

Base.Sh

Base shape: E - Excurvate, I - Incurvate, R - Recurvate, S - Straight

Should.Sh

Shoulder shape: E - Excurvate, I - Incurvate, S - Straight, X - None

Should.Or

Shoulder orientation: B - Barbed, H - Horizontal, T - Tapered, X - None

Haft.Sh

Shape lateral haft element A - Angular, E - Excurvate, I - Incurvate, R - Recurvate, S - Straight

Haft.Or

Orientation lateral haft element: C - Concave, E - Expanding, P - Parallel, T - Contracting, V - Convex

Details

Measurements on five types of dart points from Fort Hood in central Texas (Darl, Ensor, Pedernales, Travis, and Wells). The points were recovered during 10 different pedestrian survey projects during the 1980's and were classified and measured by H. Blaine Ensor using the system created by Futato (1983) as described in Carlson, S., et al 1987, pp 51-70 and Appendices 4 and 7.

Source

Fort Hood Projectile Points. Electronic database compiling the results of multiple surface surveys at Fort Hood in the possession of David L. Carlson, Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX. The artifacts are curated at Fort Hood, TX by the Cultural Resources Branch of the Directorate of Public Works.

References

Carlson, David L. 2017. Quantitative Methods in Archaeology Using R. Cambridge University Press, pp 52-60, 99-103, 106-107, 109-115, 148-157, 182-185, 198-211.

Carlson, S. B., H. B. Ensor, D. L. Carlson, E. A. Miller, and D E. Young. 1987. Archaeological Survey at Fort Hood, Texas Fiscal Year 1984. United States Army Fort Hood. Archaeological Resource Management Series, Research Report Number 14.

Futato, E. M. 1983. Projectile Point Morphology: Steps Toward a Formal Account. in Proceedings of the Thirty-fourth Southeastern Archaeological Conference, Lafayette, Louisiana, October 27-19, 1977. Southeastern Archaeological Conference. Bulletin 21: 38–81.

Examples

data(DartPoints)
boxplot(Length~Name, DartPoints)
plot(Width~Length, DartPoints, pch=as.numeric(Name), main="FOrt Hood Dart Points")
legend("topleft", levels(DartPoints$Name), pch=1:5)

Early Iron Age Graves - Tell el-Far'ah, Palestine

Description

Counts of 52 different ceramic types in 6 large tombs and 10 broadly contemporaneous groups of tombs.

Usage

data("EIAGraves")

Format

A data frame with 52 rows (ceramic types) found in 16 units (a grave or a group of graves).

Type

Ceramic type number

G100

19 broadly contemporaneous graves and tombs

G200B

30 broadly contemporaneous graves and tombs

G200C

28 broadly contemporaneous graves and tombs

G201

An indidivual tomb

G229

An indidivual tomb

G500N

19 broadly contemporaneous graves and tombs

G532

An indidivual tomb

G542

An indidivual tomb

G552

An indidivual tomb

G562

An indidivual tomb

G600

52 broadly contemporaneous graves and tombs

G800

39 broadly contemporaneous graves and tombs

G900B

41 broadly contemporaneous graves and tombs

G900L

3 broadly contemporaneous graves and tombs

G900S

5 broadly contemporaneous graves and tombs

G900U

7 broadly contemporaneous graves and tombs

Details

The data on counts of 52 different ceramic types in 6 large tombs and 10 broadly contemporaneous groups of tombs come from Tell el-Far'ah (South), Palestine. They were originally published in McClellan (1979). The data were scanned from Table 2.5 in Baxter (2003, p. 25-6). The 52 rows correspond to different pottery types found in association with the burials.

Source

Baxter, M. J. 2003. Statistics in Archaeology. Arnold, London.

McClellan, T. L. 1979. Chronology of the 'Philistine' Burials at Tell el-Farah (South). Journal of Field Archaeology 6: 57-73.

Examples

data(EIAGraves)
# How many ceramics of each type?
# Exclude the first column which is the ceramic type number
rowSums(EIAGraves[, -1])
# How many tomb groups contain each type?
rowSums(EIAGraves[, -1]>0)
# How many ceramics in each tomb group?
colSums(EIAGraves[, -1])
# How many types are found in each tomb group?
colSums(EIAGraves[, -1]>0)

Early Stone Age Sites - Norway

Description

Data on 43 Early Stone Age assemblages in Norway come originally from Bølviken et al (1982).

Usage

data("ESASites")

Format

A data frame with 43 observations on the following 16 variables.

TA

Tanged Arrows

BA

Blade Arrows

TOA

Transverse and Oblique Arrows

AA

Atypical Arrows

M

Microliths

FK

Flake Knives

BK

Blade Knives

NK

Notched Knives

CFS

Core and Flake Scrapers

BS

Blade Scrapers

DS

Disc Scrapers

Bu

Burins

Ax

Axes

Ch

Chisels

SAx

Slate Axes

Pf

Perforators

Details

Data on 43 Early Stone Age (8000 - 4000 BCE) assemblages in Norway come originally from Bølviken et al (1982). The data were scanned from Table A5 (Appendix A) in Baxter (1994).

Source

Baxter, M. J. 1994. Exploratory Multivariate Analysis in Archaeology. Edinburgh University Press. Edinburgh.

Bølviken, E., E. Helskog, K. Helskog, I. M. Holm-Olsen, L. Solheim, and R. Bertelsen. 1982. Correspondence Analysis: An Alternative to Principal Components. World Archaeology 14: 41-60.

References

Carlson, David L. 2017. Quantitative Methods in Archaeology Using R. Cambridge University Press, pp 398-410.

Examples

data(ESASites)
NS <- rowSums(ESASites)
NT <- rowSums(ESASites > 0)
plot(NS, NT, xlab="Number of Artifacts", ylab="Number of Types", main="Early Stone Age Sites",
    las=1)

Ernest Witte Cemetery, Austin, County, Texas, U.S.A.

Description

Sex, age, burial group, location, and burial orientation and direction facing from the Ernest Witte site, a Late Archaic cemetery in Texas (Hall 1981).

Usage

data(EWBurials)

Format

A data frame with 49 observations on the following 7 variables.

Group

Cemetery group, a factor with levels 1, 2

North

North grid location of the burial in meters (excavation grid system)

West

East grid location of the burial in meters (excavation grid system)

Age

Age category, a factor with levels Fetus, Infant, Child, Adolescent, Young Adult, Adult, Middle Adult, Old Adult

Sex

a factor with levels Female, Male

Direction

circular data in degrees indicating the direction of the individual measured from the head along the vertebral column

Looking

circular data in degrees indication the direction the individual is facing

Goods

Presence or absence of grave goods

Details

The Ernest Witte site in Austin County, Texas contains four burial groups from different time periods. Group 1 includes 60 interments and that occurred between about 2000 and 1200 BCE. Group 2 is the largest with 148 interments. The burials in this group were interred between about CE 200 and 500. Groups 3 and 4 include only 10 and 13 interments and date to CE 500 to 1500, but are not included in this data set which was taken from Appendix II (Hall 1981). Two of the variables, direction and looking, are circular data and require package circular. Hall (2010) provides a summary of the site and its significance.

Source

Hall, G. D. 1981. Allen's Creek: A Study in the Cultural Prehistory of the Lower Brazos River Valley. The University of Texas at Austin. Texas Archeological Survey. Texas. Research Report No. 61.

References

Carlson, David L. 2017. Quantitative Methods in Archaeology Using R. Cambridge University Press, pp 350-357.

Hall, G. D. 2010. Ernest Witte site. Handbook of Texas Online https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/ernest-witte-site. Texas State Historical Association.

Examples

data(EWBurials)
xtabs(~Age+Sex+Group, EWBurials)

if (requireNamespace("circular", quietly = TRUE)) {
  plot(EWBurials$Direction)
} else {
  cat("This example requires package circular.\n")
}

Upper Paleolithic End Scrapers from Castenet A and Ferrassie H, France

Description

Data on 3000 Upper Paleolithic end scrapers from two sites analyzed by James Sackett (1966) and reanalyzed by Dwight Read (1974 and 2007).

Usage

data(EndScrapers)

Format

A data frame with 48 observations on the following 6 variables.

Width

Width: Narrow, Wide

Sides

Sides: Convergent, Parallel

Curvature

End Curvature: Round, Medium, Shallow

Retouched

Retouching: Retouched, Unretouched

Site

Site: Castenet A, Ferrassie H

Freq

Number of end scrapers

Details

The scrapers are grouped on 5 categorical variables into 48 groups. Sackett's analysis employed Chi square and the examination of residuals. Read used the data to illustrate loglinear modelling (1974, 2007). The data come from Tables IV and VIII (pp 373 and 380) in Sackett's original article

Source

Sackett, James R. 1966. Quantitative Analysis of Upper Paleolithic Stone Tools. American Anthropologist 68(2): 356–394.

References

Carlson, David L. 2017. Quantitative Methods in Archaeology Using R. Cambridge University Press, pp 72-77, 91-94.

Read, Dwight W. 1974. Some Comments on Typologies in Archaeology and an Outline of a Methodology. American Antiquity 39: 216-242.

Read, Dwight W. 2007. Artifact Classification: A Conceptual and Methodological Approach. Left Coast Press.

Examples

data(EndScrapers)
xtabs(Freq~Site+Curvature, EndScrapers)
xtabs(Freq~Curvature+Sides+Site, EndScrapers)

Upper Paleolithic Engraved Bone Design Elements - Spain

Description

Counts of 44 engraved bone design elements at five Upper Paleolithic hunter-gatherer sites in Cantabrian, Spain.

Usage

data("EngrBone")

Format

A data frame with 44 types of engraved bone found at 5 sites.

A

Altamira

CM

Cueto de la Mina

EJ

El Juyo

EC

El Cierro

LP

La Paloma

Details

Counts of 44 engraved bone design elements at five prehistoric hunter-gatherer sites in Cantabrian, Spain. The data were originally analyzed by Conkey (1980) and appear in this format in Kaufman (1998). Kintigh (1984) used these data to illustrate a method for comparing the diversity between samples. The data were scanned from Table 2.4 in Baxter (2003, p. 24).

Source

Baxter, M. J. 2003. Statistics in Archaeology. Arnold, London.

References

Conkey, M. W. 1980. The Identification of Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherer Aggregation Sites: The Case of Altamira. Current Anthropology 21: 609-30.

Kaufman, D. 1998. Measuring Archaeological Diversity: An Application of the Jackknife Technique. American Antiquity 63: 73-85.

Kintigh, K. 1984. Measuring Archaeological Diversity by Comparison with Simulated Assemblages. American Antiquity 49: 44-54.

Examples

data(EngrBone)
# Number of engraved bone specimens at each site
NS <- colSums(EngrBone)
# Number of kinds of engraved bone at each site
NT <- colSums(EngrBone>0)
plot(NS, NT, xlab="Number of Specimens", ylab="Number of Types", main="Engraved Bone", las=1)
text(NS, NT, names(EngrBone), pos=c(1, 3, 3, 3, 3))
Key <- apply(attr(EngrBone, "Variables"), 1, paste, collapse=" - ")
legend("topleft", legend=Key)

Bronze La Tene fibulae from Munsingen, Switzerland

Description

The La Tène fibulae from the Iron Age cemetery of Münsingen near Berne, Switzerland (100 - 500 BCE) described by F. R. Hodson (1968).

Usage

data("Fibulae")

Format

A data frame with 30 observations on the following 16 variables.

Grave

Grave number

Mno

Museum number

FL

Foot Length

BH

Bow Height

BFA

Bow Front Angle

FA

Foot Angle

CD

Coil Diameter

BRA

Bow Rear Angle

ED

Element Diameter

FEL

Foot Extension Length

C

Catchplate

BW

Bow Width

BT

Bow Thickness

FEW

Foot Extension Width

Coils

Number of Coils

Length

Total Length

Details

The La Tène fibulae from the Iron Age cemetery of Münsingen near Berne, Switzerland were reported by F. R. Hodson (1968). They were featured in several papers by Hodson over the years and used to illustrate a variety of multivariate statistical techniques. The data here were taken from Doran and Hodson (1975), Table 9.1. These are the raw measurements including 5 missing values in foot extension thickness and 1 in foot extension length.

Source

Doran, J. E. and F. R. Hodson. 1975. Mathematics and Computers in Archaeology. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Hodson, F. R. 1968. The La Tène Cemetery at Műnsingen-Rain. Stampfli, Berne.

References

Carlson, David L. 2017. Quantitative Methods in Archaeology Using R. Cambridge University Press, pp 88-91, 95-99, 103-109, 127-129, 132-138, 162-169.

Hodson, F. R., P. H. A. Sneath, J. E. Doran. 1966. Some Experiments in the Numerical Analysis of Archaeological Data. Biometrika 53: 311-324.

Hodson, F. R. 1969. Searching for Structure within Multivariate Archaeological Data. World Archaeology 1: 90-105.

Hodson, F. R. 1970. Cluster Analysis and Archaeology: some New Developments and Applications. World Archaeology 1: 299-320.

Hodson, F. R. 1971. Numerical Typology and Prehistoric Archaeology. In Mathematics int eh Archaeological and Historical Sciences, edited by F. R. Hodson, D. G. Kendall and P. Tautu, pp 30-45. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.

Sneath, P. H. A. 1968. Goodness of Intuitive Arrangements into Time Trends Based on Complex Pattern. Systematic Zoology 17: 256-260.

Examples

data(Fibulae)
t(sapply(Fibulae[, 3:16], quantile, na.rm=TRUE))
plot(density(Fibulae$Length, bw="SJ"), main="Kernel Density Plot of Length")

Lower Paleolithic handaxes from Furze Platt, Maidenhead, Berkshire, England

Description

Handaxes from the Furze Platt site stored at the Royal Ontario Museum.

Usage

data(Handaxes)

Format

A data frame with 600 observations on the following 8 variables.

Catalog

Specimen catalog number

L

Maximum Length

L1

Distance from the butt to the location of the maximum breadth measured along the length dimension

B

Maximum breadth

B1

Breadth measured at 1/5 of the length from the tip. Measured perpendicular to the length

B2

Breadth measured at 1/5 of the length from the butt. Measured perpendicular to the length

T

Maximum thickness, not necessarily measured at the maximum breadth

T1

Thickness measured at B1

Details

The data consist of measurements on 600 handaxes from the Furze Platt site stored at the Royal Ontario Museum that were measured by William Fox. The measurements follow the system used by Derek Roe (Roe 1964, 1968, 1981). Fox's measurements were digitized by Tony Baker and uploaded to his website.

Source

Fox, William and Tony Baker. 2006. Dimensions of 600 Acheulean Handaxes from Furze Platt, Maidenhead, Berkshire, England. Archived at https://web.archive.org/web/20080515113522/http://www.ele.net/acheulean/FPatROM.htm. 11 Accessed January 2021.

References

Baker, Tony. 2006. The Acheulean Handaxe. Archived article available at https://web.archive.org/web/20080831233847/http://www.ele.net:80/acheulean/handaxe.htm. Accessed 11 January 2021.

Carlson, David L. 2017. Quantitative Methods in Archaeology Using R. Cambridge University Press, pp 221-231, 269-277, 321-330.

Fox, William. 1969. An Analysis of the R. O. M. Collection, Lower Paleolithic Implements: Furze Platt, Maidenhead, Berkshire, England. Unpublished paper and notes in the possession of the author.

Roe, D. A. 1964. The British Lower and Middle Paleolithic: some problems, methods of study and preliminary results. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 30: 245–267.

Roe, D. A. 1968. British Lower and Middle Paleolithic Handaxe groups. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 34: 1–82.

Roe, D. A. 1981. The Lower and Middle Paleolithic Periods in Britain. Routledge.

Examples

data(Handaxes)
summary(Handaxes)

Mask Site, Alaska, USA

Description

The distribution of five categories of artifacts at the Mask site, occupied by the Nunamiut (Binford 1978a).

Usage

data("MaskSite")

Format

A data frame with 494 observations on the following 3 variables.

X

horizontal coordinate

Y

vertical coordinate

Category

a factor with levels Artifacts, Spent Cartridges, Wood Shavings, Bone Splinters, and Large Bones

Details

The Mask Site was reported by Binford (1978a) as an example of a hunting stand where Nunamiut men watched for game as part of a larger ethnoarchaeological study of the Nunamiut (Binford 1978b). The data from the site have been widely used to illustrate the utility of various methods of intra site spatial analysis (including Baxter 2003, Blankholm 1991, Kintigh 1990, and Whallon 1984). The data consist of 494 locations of five different classes (artifacts, spent cartridges, wood shavings, bone splinters, and large bones). The data were scanned from Appendix A (Blankholm 1991).

Source

Binford, L. R. 1978a. Dimensional Analysis of Behavior and Site Structure: Learning from an Eskimo Hunting Stand. American Antiquity 43: 330 - 361.

Blankholm, Hans Peter. 1991. Intrasite Spatial Analysis in Theory and Practice. Aarhus University Press.

References

Baxter, M. 2003. Statistics in Archaeology. Arnold Applications in Statistics.

Binford, L. R. 1978b. Nunamiut Ethnoarchaeology. Academic Press.

Kintigh, K. 1990. Intrasite Spatial Analysis: A Commentary on Major Methods. In Mathematics and Information Science in Archaeology: A Flexible Framework, edited by A. Voorrips, pp 165-200. Studies in Modern Archaeology 3. Holos.

Whallon, R. 1984. Unconstrained Clustering for the Analysis of Spatial Distributions in Archaeology. In Intrasite Spatial Analysis in Archaeology, edited by H. Hietala, pp 242 - 277. Cambridge University Press.

Examples

data(MaskSite)
plot(Y~X, MaskSite, main="Mask Site", asp=1, pch=as.numeric(Category), cex=.75)
legend("bottomright", levels(MaskSite$Category), pch=1:5)

British Mesolithic assemblages

Description

Counts of 5 different stone artifact types from 33 Mesolithic sites in Britain.

Usage

data("Mesolithic")

Format

A data frame with 33 observations on the following 5 variables.

Microliths

Number of microliths

Scrapers

Number of scrapers

Burins

Number of burins

Axes

Number of axes

Saws

Number of saws

Details

Data on 33 Mesolithic (9000 - 4000 BCE) assemblages are a subset Pitts (1979) extracted from a set published by Mellars (1976). The data were scanned from Table A3 (Appendix A) in Baxter (1994).

Source

Baxter, M. J. 1994. Exploratory Multivariate Analysis in Archaeology. Edinburgh University Press. Edinburgh.

Mellars, P. 1976. Settlement Patterns and Industrial Variability in the British Mesolithic. In Problems in Economic and Social Archaeology, edited by Sieveking, G de G., I. H. Longworth, and K. E. Wilson, pp 375-99. Duckworth, London.

Pitts, M. W. 1979. Hides and Antlers: A New Look at the Gatherer-Hunter Site at Star Carr, North Yorkshire, England. World Archaeology 11: 32-44.

Examples

data(Mesolithic)
Mesolithic.pct <- prop.table(as.matrix(Mesolithic), 1)*100
apply(Mesolithic.pct, 2, quantile)
cor(Mesolithic.pct)

Younger Neolithic Pottery from Central Europe

Description

A sites by types table of abundance data on vessel types in archaeological features of the Younger Neolithic Michelsberg Culture from Belgium, France and Germany by Birgit Höhn (2002).

Usage

data(Michelsberg)

Format

A data frame with 109 observations on the following 42 variables. Each line represents one feature. Some categorical variables are not converted to factors.

id

Unique identifier (categorical, integer)

site_name

Name of site (categorical, character)

catalogue_nr

Number in catalogue of Höhn (2002) (categorical, integer)

feature_nr

Number of the archaeological feature (categorical, numeric)

to3

Pot/vessel type 3 count

f4

Bottle type 4 count

b2

Beaker type 2 count

to2

Pot/vessel type 2 count

b3

Beaker type 3 count

b7

Beaker type 7 count

kw5

Carinated bowl type 5 count

vg1

Storage vessel type 1 count

vg2

Storage vessel type 2 count

t4a

Tulip beaker type 4a count

kw2

Carinated bowl type 2 count

kw4

Carinated bowl type 4 count

b5

Beaker type 5 count

t3b

Tulip beaker type 3b count

f3

Bottle type 3 count

kw3

Carinated bowl type 3 count

kw1

Carinated bowl type 1 count

b6

Beaker type 6 count

to1

Pot/vessel type 1 count

b1

Beaker type 1 count

t3a

Tulip beaker type 3a count

vg4

Storage vessel type 4 count

ks2

Conical bowl type 2 count

ks1

Conical bowl type 1 count

t2b

Tulip beaker type 2b count

f2

Bottle type 2 count

bs3

Globular bowl type 3 count

t2a

Tulip beaker type 2a count

bs2

Globular bowl type 2 count

b4

Beaker type 4 count

bs1

Globular bowl type 1 count

f1

Bottle type 1 count

t1b

Tulip beaker type 1b count

vg3

Storage vessel type 3 count

t1a

Tulip beaker type 1a count

mbk_phase

MBK phase according to Lüning (1967) as an ordered factor with levels I < I/II < II < II/III < III < III-V < III/IV < IV < IV/V < Munz < V

x_utm32n

x coordinate in m; projection UTM WGS 84, zone 32 nord

y_utm32n

y coordinate in m; projection UTM WGS 84, zone 32 nord

Details

Höhn (2002) recorded pottery vessel shapes from 108 archaeological features (pits, ditches etc.) from 69 sites of the Central European Younger Neolithic Michelsberg Culture (MBK; 4350-3500 BC) following Lüning's (1967) typology. Her correspondence analysis of the abundance data (columns 5 to 39) exhibits a pronounced Guttman effect or arch, suggesting the data set is structured by a time gradient. Recently Mischka et al. (2015) projected an 109th Michelsberg assemblage, Flintbek LA48, a pit with Michelsberg pottery from a North German site of the Funnel Beaker Culture (TRB), as a supplementary row into the existing chronology thereby connecting the relative chronologies of TRB and MBK. The data frame contains as attributes the references for the data, a typological key and the map projection. Note that ambiguous fragments of conical bowls (ks1 and ks2) are assigned as 0.5 to each of the two types resulting also in positive entries suitable to analysis by CA.

Source

Höhn, B. 2002. Die Michelsberger Kultur in der Wetterau. Universitätsforschungen zur prähistorischen Archäologie 87. Bonn: Habelt.

Mischka, D., Roth, G. and K. Struckmeyer 2015. Michelsberg and Oxie in contact next to the Baltic Sea. In: Neolithic Diversities. Perspectives from a conference in Lund, Sweden. Acta Archaeologica Lundensia Ser. 8, No. 65, edited by Kr. Brink et al., pp 241–250.

Lüning, J. 1967. Die Michelsberger Kultur: Ihre Funde in zeitlicher und räumlicher Gliederung. Berichte der Römisch-Germanischen Kommission 48, 1-350.

Examples

if (requireNamespace("ca", quietly = TRUE)) {
data(Michelsberg)
str(Michelsberg)
names(Michelsberg)[5:39]
attributes(Michelsberg)$typological_key

# geographical distribution
xy <- as.matrix(Michelsberg[,41:42])/1000
plot(xy, asp=1, pch=16, col=rgb(.3,.3,.3,.5))
text(xy[,1], xy[,2], Michelsberg$id, cex=.7, pos=2)
# Note site 109 to the Northeast; 

# preparing the data set for CA
abu <- Michelsberg[, 5:39]
rownames(abu) <- Michelsberg$id

# CA with site 109, Flintbek LA48, as supplementary row
MBK.ca <- ca::ca(abu, ndim=min(dim(abu)-1), suprow=109 )

# asymmetric biplot with row quality and column contribution
plot(MBK.ca, map="rowprincipal", contrib=c("relative", "absolute"))

title(main="Row-isometric Biplot of Michelsberg CA", cex.sub=.7, 
     sub="color intensity represents quality for sites and contributions for types")
} else {
  cat("This example requires package ca to run.\n")
}

Prehistoric Ceramics at Pueblo San Cristobal, New Mexico, USA

Description

Ceramic distribution in a midden deposit at Pueblo San Cristobal reported by Nels Nelson in 1916.

Usage

data(Nelson)

Format

A data frame with 10 observations on the following 8 variables.

Depth

Depth in feet from 1 to 10 for 1 foot arbitrary excavation levels

Corrugated

Number of corrugated ware ceramics

Biscuit

Number of Biscuit ware ceramics

Type_I

Number of two and three color painted ware ceramics

Type_II_Red

Number of two color glazed red ware ceramics

Type_II_Yellow

Number of two color glazed yellow ware ceramics

Type_II_Gray

Number of two color glazed gray ware ceramics

Type_III

Number of three color glazed ware ceramics

Details

Data from a midden deposit at San Cristobal in the American Southwest. It has been used as a classic illustration of the potential for creating a relative chronology using frequency seriation of ceramic artifact types. The site was occupied approximately from CE 1350 to 1680. Ceramic artifact fragment counts are presented for each 1-foot (30 cm) arbitrary level excavated in the midden deposit. When converted to percentages (usually excluding the corrugated ware), the data illustrate a classical "battleship curve" like those described in Ford (1962).

Source

Nelson, N. C. 1916. Chronology of the Tano Ruins, New Mexico. American Anthropologist 18(2): 159–180.

References

Carlson, David L. 2017. Quantitative Methods in Archaeology Using R. Cambridge University Press, pp 381-386, 390-393.

Ford, J. A. (1962) A Quantitative Method for Deriving Cultural Chronology. Pan American Union, Technical Manual No 1.

Examples

data(Nelson)
# Remove Depth and Corrugated and compute percentages
Nelson.pct <- prop.table(as.matrix(Nelson[,3:7]), 1)*100
# Percentages for each type by level
round(Nelson.pct, 2)

# Battleship plot from plotrix package
if (requireNamespace("plotrix", quietly = TRUE)) {
  plotrix::battleship.plot(Nelson.pct, col="gray")
} else {
  cat("This example requires package plotrix.\n")
}

Major stone tool classes, Olorgesailie, Kenya

Description

The data represent the number of specimens in each of 6 major artifact classes recovered from 19 localities at the Lower Paleolithic site of Olorgesailie as described in Isaac (1977).

Usage

data(Olorgesailie.maj)

Format

A data frame with 19 observations showing the number of specimens for each of 6 stone artifact types.

Large.cutting.tools

Number of large cutting tools

Heavy.duty.tools

Number of heavy duty tools

Large.scrapers

Number of large scrapers

Other.large.tools

Number of other large tools

Small.tools

Number of small tools

Spheroids

Number of spheroids

Details

The data come from Table E1 in Isaac (1977: 239). The rownames identify localities in the lower, middle and upper strata to provide relative chronological placement. They are in the same order as the columns in the table: LS1 (BBB), LS2 (BBA), LS3(FB), LS4(FB-HL), LS5(FB-I3), MS1a(DE/89 A-L), MS1b(DE/89 A-I), MS2a(DE/89 B-L), MS2b(DE/89 B-I), MS3(DE/89 C), MS4(H/6), MS5(H/9 A), MS6(H/9 AM), MS7(Mid), MS8(Meng), MS9(LHS), US1(TRTrM10), US2(Hog), US3(MFS). Potts (2011) provides updated information on the site complex.

Source

Isaac, Glynn Ll. 1977. Olorgesailie: Archeological Studies of a Middle Pleistocene Lake Basin in Kenya. The University of Chicago Press.

References

Carlson, David L. 2017. Quantitative Methods in Archaeology Using R. Cambridge University Press, pp 115-119, 138-142.

Potts, R. 2011. Olorgesailie–Retrospective and current synthesis. In Casting the net wide: papers in honor of Glynn Isaac and his approach to human origins research, edited by J. Sept and D. Pilbeam, pp 1–20. American School of Prehistoric Resarch Monographs in Archaeology and Paleoanthropology.

Examples

data(Olorgesailie.maj)
# Chi square after removing the first two columns and simulating the p
# value since there are a number of very small expected values
chisq.test(Olorgesailie.maj, simulate.p.value=TRUE)
# Compute percentages over the localities
Olor.pct <- prop.table(as.matrix(Olorgesailie.maj), 1)*100
boxplot(Olor.pct)

Stone tool subclasses, Olorgesailie, Kenya

Description

The data represent the number of specimens in each of 16 artifact subclasses recovered from 19 localities at the Lower Paleolithic site of Olorgesailie as described in Isaac (1977).

Usage

data(Olorgesailie.sub)

Format

A data frame with 19 observations showing the stratum, locality and the number of specimens for each of 16 stone artifact types.

Strat

stratum: Lower, Middle, Upper

Locality

Locality

HA

Number of handaxes

PHA

Number of pick-like handaxes

CHA

Number of chisel handaxes

CL

Number of cleavers

KN

Number of knives

BLCT

Number of broken large cutting tools

PAT

Number of picks and trièdres

CH

Number of choppers

CS

Number of core scrapers

LFS

Number of large flake scrapers

CB

Number of core bifaces

OLT

Number of other large tools

SSS

Number of small scrapers simple

SSNP

Number of small scrapers nosed point

OST

Number of other small tools

SP

Number of spheroids

Details

The data come from Table E1 in Isaac (1977: 239). The Locality contains the column headings in the original table. The rownames are the same as those in Olorgesailie.maj. The attribute Variables in the data frame includes the full variable names. Potts (2011) provides updated information on the site complex.

Source

Isaac, Glynn Ll. 1977. Olorgesailie: Archeological Studies of a Middle Pleistocene Lake Basin in Kenya. The University of Chicago Press.

References

Carlson, David L. 2017. Quantitative Methods in Archaeology Using R. Cambridge University Press, pp 280-293.

Potts, R. 2011. Olorgesailie–Retrospective and current synthesis. In Casting the net wide: papers in honor of Glynn Isaac and his approach to human origins research, edited by J. Sept and D. Pilbeam, pp 1–20. American School of Prehistoric Research Monographs in Archaeology and Paleoanthropology.

Examples

data(Olorgesailie.sub)
# Chi square after removing the first two columns and simulating the p
# value since there are a number of very small expected values
chisq.test(Olorgesailie.sub[,3:18], simulate.p.value=TRUE)
# Compute percentages over the localities
Olor.pct <- prop.table(as.matrix(Olorgesailie.sub[,3:18]), 1)*100
boxplot(Olor.pct, cex.axis=.7)

Distribution of Late Romano-British Oxford Pottery

Description

Percentages of Late Romano-British Oxford Pottery on 30 sites

Usage

data("OxfordPots")

Format

A data frame with 30 observations on the following 7 variables.

Place

Site name

OxfordPct

Percentage of Oxford pottery

OxfordDst

Distance to Oxford in miles

NewForestPct

Percentage of New Forest pottery

NewForestDst

Distance to New Forest

WalledArea

Acreage of walled towns

WaterTrans

Availability of a water transportation link, 1=probable presence

Details

In several publications Ian Hodder analyzed the spatial distribution of Late Romano-British pottery produced at Oxford as evidence of trade and marketing patterns. These data come from the article by Fulford and Hodder (1974). In addition to the percentage of Oxford pottery and the distance to Oxford for 30 sites, data on New Forest pottery was included and information on walled town size and the availability of water transportation.

Source

Fulford, M. and I. Hodder. 1974. A Regression Analysis of Some Late Romano-British Pottery: A Case Study. Oxoniensia 39: 26-33.

References

Hodder, I. 1974. A Regression Analysis of Some Trade and Marketing Patterns. World Archaeology 6: 172-189.

Hodder, I. and C. Orton. 1976. Spatial Analysis in Archaeology, pp 117-119.

Examples

data(OxfordPots)
# Construct Fulford and Hodder's Figure 3
Oxford.lm1 <- lm(log(OxfordPct)~OxfordDst, OxfordPots, subset=WaterTrans==0)
Oxford.lm2 <- lm(log(OxfordPct)~OxfordDst, OxfordPots, subset=WaterTrans==1)
plot(log(OxfordPct)~OxfordDst, OxfordPots, xlim=c(0, 160), yaxt="n", ylim=c(0, 3.25),
     ylab="Percentage of Oxford Pottery", xlab="Distance (miles)", 
     pch=c(1, 16)[WaterTrans+1], cex=1.5, lwd=2)
# Add log y-axis
axis(2, log(c(1, 5, 10, 20)), c(1, 5, 10, 20), las=1)
abline(Oxford.lm1, lwd=2)
abline(Oxford.lm2, lwd=2)

Late Stone Age and Early Sami Iron Age Pithouses in Arctic Norway

Description

The morphology of 45 Arctic Norway pithouses is described in terms of 6 categorical variables.

Usage

data("PitHouses")

Format

A data frame with 45 observations on the following 6 variables.

Hearths

a factor with levels None, One, Two, and Charcoal Conc

Depth

a factor with levels Deep and Shallow

Size

a factor with levels Small, Medium, and Large

Form

a factor with levels Oval and Rectangular

Orient

a factor with levels Parallel Coast and Gabel Toward Coast

Entrance

a factor with levels One Side, Front and One Side, and None

Details

Data on the morphology of pit houses from Arctic Norway described by Engelstad (1988). The data were scanned from Table A7 in Baxter (1994). The category labels are used rather than the numeric values listed in Table A7. The data represent the Group C pithouses as described in Engelstad (1988) which was more variable than groups A or B. The data were converted into an incidence matrix (Table A8 in Baxter (1994) and Table 3 in Englestad (1988)) and used in a multiple correspondence analysis.

Source

Baxter, M. J. 1994. Exploratory Multivariate Analysis in Archaeology. Edinburgh University Press.

Engelstad, E. 1988. Pit Houses in Arctic Norway - An Investigation of Their Typology Using Multiple Correspondence Analysis. In Multivariate Archaeology, edited by T. Madsen, pp. 71-84. Aarhus University Press.

References

Carlson, David L. 2017. Quantitative Methods in Archaeology Using R. Cambridge University Press, pp 192-197.

Examples

data(PitHouses)
# Crosstabulation of Hearths with Size
PitHouses.tbl <- xtabs(~Hearths+Size, PitHouses)
PitHouses.tbl
barplot(PitHouses.tbl, ylab="Frequency", main="Arctic Norway Pithouses", beside=TRUE,
    legend.text=TRUE, args.legend=list(title="Hearths"))
barplot(prop.table(PitHouses.tbl, 2)*100, ylim=c(0, 60), main="Arctic Norway Pithouses",
    ylab="Percent", beside=TRUE, legend.text=TRUE, args.legend=list(title="Hearths"))

Romano-British Glass, Major and Minor Elements

Description

The concentrations for 11 major and minor elements in 105 Romano-British waste glass specimens from two furnace sites (Leicester and Mancetter).

Usage

data("RBGlass1")

Format

A data frame with 105 observations on the following 12 variables.

Site

a factor with levels Leicester and Mancetter

Al

Percentage Aluminum

Fe

Percentage Iron

Mg

Percentage Magnesium

Ca

Percentage Calcium

Na

Percentage Sodium

K

Percentage Potassium

Ti

Percentage Titanium

P

Percentage Phosphorus

Mn

Percentage Manganese

Sb

Percentage Antinmony

Pb

Percentage Lead

Details

The concentrations for 11 major and minor elements in 105 Romano-British waste glass specimens from two furnace sites (Leicester and Mancetter) come from Caroline Jackson's Ph. D. thesis at Bradford University. The data here were scanned from from Baxter (1994) Table A1. Measurements are percentage for each element.

Source

Baxter, M. J. 1994. Exploratory Multivariate Analysis in Archaeology. Edinburgh University Press.

Jackson, C. M. 1992. A Compositional Analysis of Roman and Early Post-Roman Glass and Glass Working Waste from Selected British Sites Towards an Understanding of the Technology of Glass-Making Through Analysis by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Spectrometry. Unpublished PhD thesis. Bradford University (BL: D214554).

References

Baxter, M. J., Cool H.E.M., Heyworth M.P. and Jackson, C.M. 1995. Compositional Variability in Colourless Roman Vessel Glass. Archaeometry 37(1), 129-141.

Baxter, M. J., Cool, H. E. M. and Jackson, C. M. (2005). Further Studies in the Compositional Variability of Colourless Romano-British Glass. Archaeometry 47, 47-68.

Carlson, David L. 2017. Quantitative Methods in Archaeology Using R. Cambridge University Press, pp 245-247, 256-261.

Jackson, C M, J R Hunter, S E Warren, and H E M Cool. 1991. The Analysis of Blue-Green Glass and Glassy Waste from Two Romano-British Glass Working Sites. In Archaeometry 1990, edited by E. Pernicka and G. A. Wagner, pp 295-304. Birkhäuser Verlag.

Examples

data(RBGlass1)
RBGlass1.pca <- prcomp(RBGlass1[, -1], scale.=TRUE)
biplot(RBGlass1.pca, xlabs=abbreviate(RBGlass1$Site, 1), cex=.75)

Romano-British Glass, Trace Elements

Description

The concentrations for 11 trace elements in 105 Romano-British waste glass specimens from two furnace sites (Leicester and Mancetter).

Usage

data("RBGlass2")

Format

A data frame with 105 observations on the following 12 variables.

Site

a factor with levels Leicester and Mancetter

Ba

Barium ppm

Co

Cobalt ppm

Cr

Chromium ppm

Cu

Copper ppm

Li

Lithium ppm

Ni

Nickel ppm

Sr

Strontium ppm

V

Vanadium ppm

Y

Yttrium ppm

Zn

Zinc ppm

Zr

Zirconium ppm

Details

The concentrations for 11 trace elements in 105 Romano-British waste glass specimens from two furnace sites (Leicester and Mancetter) come from Caroline Jackson's Ph. D. thesis at Bradford University. The data here were scanned from from Baxter (1994) Table A2. Measurements are parts per million (ppm) for each of 11 elements.

Source

Baxter, M. J. 1994. Exploratory Multivariate Analysis in Archaeology. Edinburgh University Press.

Jackson, C. M. 1992. A Compositional Analysis of Roman and Early Post-Roman Glass and Glass Working Waste from Selected British Sites Towards an Understanding of the Technology of Glass-Making Through Analysis by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Spectrometry. Unpublished PhD thesis. Bradford University (BL: D214554).

References

Baxter, M. J., Cool H.E.M., Heyworth M.P. and Jackson, C.M. 1995. Compositional Variability in Colourless Roman Vessel Glass. Archaeometry 37(1), 129-141.

Baxter, M. J., Cool, H. E. M. and Jackson, C. M. (2005). Further Studies in the Compositional Variability of Colourless Romano-British Glass. Archaeometry 47, 47-68.

Jackson, C M, J R Hunter, S E Warren, and H E M Cool. 1991. The Analysis of Blue-Green Glass and Glassy Waste from Two Romano-British Glass Working Sites. In Archaeometry 1990, edited by E. Pernicka and G. A. Wagner, pp 295-304. Birkhäuser Verlag.

Examples

data(RBGlass2)
RBGlass2.pca <- prcomp(RBGlass2[, -1], scale.=TRUE)
biplot(RBGlass2.pca, xlabs=abbreviate(RBGlass2$Site, 1), cex=.75)

Romano-British Pottery

Description

Results of chemical analyses of 48 specimens of Romano-British pottery from 5 sites in 3 regions.

Usage

data("RBPottery")

Format

A data frame with 48 observations on the following 12 variables.

ID

Sample ID

Kiln

Kiln: Gloucester, Llanedeyrn, Caldicot, Islands Thorns, and Ashley Rails

Region

Region: Gloucester, Wales, and New Forest

Al2O3

Percentage aluminum trioxide

Fe2O3

Percentage Iron trioxide

MgO

Percentage magnesium oxide

CaO

Percentage calcium oxide

Na2O

Percentage sodium oxide

K2O

Percentage potassium oxide

TiO2

Percentage titanium dioxide

MnO

Percentage manganese oxide

BaO

Percentage barium oxide

Details

Results of chemical analyses of 48 specimens of Romano-British pottery published by Tubb, et al. (1980). The numbers are the percentage metal oxide. "Kiln" indicates at which kiln site the pottery was found. The kiln sites come from three regions (1=Gloucester, (2=Llanedeyrn, 3=Caldicot), (4=Islands Thorns, 5=Ashley Rails)). The data were scanned from Table 2.2 in Baxter (2003, p. 21) and preserve three probable typographical errors in the original publication. Those errors are the values for TiO2 in line 4 (sample GA4), for MnO in line 35 (sample C13), and for K2O in line 36 (sample C14). Versions of these data are also available as Pottery in package car, pottery in package HSAUR, and Pottery2 in package heplots.

Source

Baxter, M. J. 2003. Statistics in Archaeology. Arnold.

Tubb, A., A. J. Parker, and G. Nickless. 1980. The Analysis of Romano-British Pottery by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. Archaeometry 22: 153-71.

References

Carlson, David L. 2017. Quantitative Methods in Archaeology Using R. Cambridge University Press, pp 247-255, 335-342.

Examples

data(RBPottery)
print(aggregate(RBPottery[, -c(1:3)], list(Region=RBPottery$Region), mean), digits=2)
plot(Na2O~CaO, RBPottery, pch=as.numeric(Region)-1)
legend("topright", levels(RBPottery$Region), title="Region", pch=0:2)

House pits at the Mississippian Snodgrass site in Butler County, Missouri, U.S.A.

Description

Information on the size, location and contents of 91 house pits at the Snodgrass site which was occupied between about CE 1325-1420.

Usage

data(Snodgrass)

Format

A data frame with 91 observations on the following 15 variables.

East

East grid location of house in feet (excavation grid system)

South

East grid location of house in feet (excavation grid system)

Length

House length in feet

Width

House width in feet

Segment

Three areas within the site 1, 2, 3

Inside

Location within or outside the "white wall" Inside, Outside

Area

Area in square feet

Points

Number of projectile points

Abraders

Number of abraders

Discs

Number of discs

Earplugs

Number of earplugs

Effigies

Number of effigies

Ceramics

Number of ceramics

Total

Total Number of artifacts listed above

Types

Number of kinds of artifacts listed above

Details

The data from 91 house pits at the Snodgrass site were reported by Price and Giffin in 1979. The layout of the houses follows a grid pattern with the long axis oriented northeast surrounded by a fortification trench. There is also evidence of an interior wall that may have separated the houses inside that wall from those outside the wall. Price and Griffin use differences in house size and artifact composition to suggest that those differences may have reflected rank differences between the occupants of the two areas. That conclusion has been questioned on a number of grounds by Cogswell, et al (2001), but the data are still useful for illustrating a number of quantitative methods. The data come from the appendices except for the house locations which were estimated from the base map in Figure 10 (Price and Griffin 1979).

Source

Price, J. E. and J. B. Griffin. 1979. The Snodgrass Site of the Powers Phase of Southeast Missouri. Anthropological Papers. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, No. 66.

References

Carlson, David L. 2017. Quantitative Methods in Archaeology Using R. Cambridge University Press, pp 171-183, 232-242.

Cogswell, J. W., M. J. O'Brien, and D. S. Glover. 2001. The Artifactual Content of Selected House Floors at Turner and Snodgrass. In Mississippian Community Organization: The Powers Phase in Southeastern Missouri, edited by M. J. O'Brien, pp 181–229. Kluwer Academic/Plenum.

Examples

data(Snodgrass)
plot(-South~East, Snodgrass, main="Snodgrass Site", pch=as.numeric(Inside)+4, asp=1)
legend("topleft", levels(Snodgrass$Inside), pch=5:6)
boxplot(Area~Inside, Snodgrass)

Neolithic TRB Pottery from Demark

Description

Measurements at 8 landmarks along one side of 118 Neolithic TRB (Trichterrandbecherkultur, Funnelneckbeaker culture) pottery vessels representing 3 different groups.

Usage

data("TRBPottery")

Format

A data frame with 118 observations on the following 17 variables.

Form

a factor with levels Funnel beakers, Bowls, and Flasks

AX

Point 1, x

AY

Point 1, y

BX

Point 2, x

BY

Point 2, y

CX

Point 3, x

CY

Point 3, y

DX

Point 4, x

DY

Point 4, y

EX

Point 5, x

EY

Point 5, y

FX

Point 6, x

FY

Point 6, y

GX

Point 7, x

GY

Point 7, y

HX

Point 8, x

HY

Point 8, y

Details

The data are based on a study by E. K. Nielsen (1983) of Neolithic Pottery of 135 complete pots. The measurements are taken at landmarks identified along the profile of each pot (see Madsen, 1988 Figure 5). The data were reanalyzed by Madsen (1988). Baxter (1994) reanalyzed the data using several different methods. The data were scanned from Table 1 in Madsen (1988, p. 18) which included only 118 pots.

Source

Madsen, T. 1988. Multivariate Statistics and Archaeology. In Multivariate Archaeology: Numerical Approaches in Scandinavian Archaeology, edited by T. Madsen, pp 7 - 28.

Nielsen, E. K. 1983. Tidligneolitiske Keramikfund. Unpublished thesis. Institute of Archaeology, University of Copenhagen.

References

Baxter, M. J. 1994. Exploratory Multivariate Analysis in Archaeology. Edinburgh University Press, pp 128-132.

Examples

data(TRBPottery)
TRBPottery.frm <- aggregate(TRBPottery[, -1], list(Form=TRBPottery$Form), mean)
Xvals <- TRBPottery.frm[, seq(2, 16, by=2)]
Yvals <- TRBPottery.frm[, seq(3, 17, by=2)]
matplot(t(Xvals), t(Yvals), xlab="X", ylab="Y", type="l", asp=1, las=1, col="black", lwd=2)
legend("topleft", levels(TRBPottery$Form), lty=1:3, col="black", lwd=2)