Version:	0.2-1
Encoding:	UTF-8
Title:	Bayesian Mixtures with an Unknown Number of Components
Description:	Fits Bayesian finite mixtures with an unknown number of components using the telescoping sampler and different component distributions. For more details see Frühwirth-Schnatter et al. (2021) <doi:10.1214/21-BA1294>.
Depends:	R (≥ 4.0.0)
Imports:	abind, bayesm, DirichletReg, extraDistr, graphics, grDevices, MCMCpack, methods, mvtnorm, stats
VignetteBuilder:	knitr, rmarkdown
Suggests:	invgamma, klaR, knitr, mclust, poLCA, rmarkdown
License:	GPL-2
RoxygenNote:	7.3.2
NeedsCompilation:	no
Packaged:	2025-08-18 00:15:57 UTC; gruen
Author:	Gertraud Malsiner-Walli [aut, cre], Bettina Grün [aut], Sylvia Frühwirth-Schnatter [aut]
Maintainer:	Gertraud Malsiner-Walli <Gertraud.Malsiner-Walli@wu.ac.at>
Repository:	CRAN
Date/Publication:	2025-08-18 10:30:08 UTC

Simulated multivariate binary data

Description

Simulated multivariate binary data with a 3-group structure where the variables are correlated within the groups.

Format

A data frame with 500 observations and 31 variables:

y1

binary variable coded 1 and 2

y2

binary variable coded 1 and 2

y3

binary variable coded 1 and 2

y4

binary variable coded 1 and 2

y5

binary variable coded 1 and 2

y6

binary variable coded 1 and 2

y7

binary variable coded 1 and 2

y8

binary variable coded 1 and 2

y9

binary variable coded 1 and 2

y10

binary variable coded 1 and 2

y11

binary variable coded 1 and 2

y12

binary variable coded 1 and 2

y13

binary variable coded 1 and 2

y14

binary variable coded 1 and 2

y15

binary variable coded 1 and 2

y16

binary variable coded 1 and 2

y17

binary variable coded 1 and 2

y18

binary variable coded 1 and 2

y19

binary variable coded 1 and 2

y20

binary variable coded 1 and 2

y21

binary variable coded 1 and 2

y22

binary variable coded 1 and 2

y23

binary variable coded 1 and 2

y24

binary variable coded 1 and 2

y25

binary variable coded 1 and 2

y26

binary variable coded 1 and 2

y27

binary variable coded 1 and 2

y28

binary variable coded 1 and 2

y29

binary variable coded 1 and 2

y30

binary variable coded 1 and 2

z

integer variable with values 1, 2, and 3 indicating group membership

Solve label switching and identify mixture for a mixture of LCA models.

Description

Clustering of the draws in the point process representation (PPR) using k-means clustering.

Usage

identifyLCAMixture(Func, Mu, Phi, Eta, S, centers)

Arguments

Details

The following steps are implemented:

• A functional of the draws of the component-specific parameters (Func) is passed to the function. The functionals of each component and iteration are stacked on top of each other in order to obtain a matrix where each row corresponds to the functional of one component.

• The functionals are clustered into K_+ clusters using k-means clustering. For each functional a group label is obtained.

• The obtained labels of the functionals are used to construct a classification for each MCMC iteration. Those classifications which are a permutation of (1,\ldots,K_+) are used to reorder the Mu and Eta draws and the assignment matrix S. This results in an identified mixture model.

• Note that only iterations resulting in permutations are used for parameter estimation and deriving the final partition. Those MCMC iterations where the obtained classifications of the functionals are not a permutation of (1,\ldots,K_+) are discarded as no unique assignment of functionals to components can be made. If the non-permutation rate, i.e. the proportion of MCMC iterations where the obtained classifications of the functionals are not a permutation, is high, this is an indication of a poor clustering solution, as the functionals are not clearly separated.

Value

A named list containing:

• "S": reordered assignments.

• "Mu": reordered Mu matrix.

• "Phi": reordered Phi matrix.

• "Eta": reordered weights.

• "non_perm_rate": proportion of draws where the clustering did not result in a permutation and hence no relabeling could be performed; this is the proportion of draws discarded.

Solve label switching and identify mixture.

Description

Clustering of the draws in the point process representation (PPR) using k-means clustering.

Usage

identifyMixture(Func, Mu, Eta, S, centers)

Arguments

Details

The following steps are implemented:

• A functional of the draws of the component-specific parameters (Func) is passed to the function. The functionals of each component and iteration are stacked on top of each other in order to obtain a matrix where each row corresponds to the functional of one component.

• The functionals are clustered into K_+ clusters using k-means clustering. For each functional a group label is obtained.

• The obtained labels of the functionals are used to construct a classification for each MCMC iteration. Those classifications which are a permutation of (1,\ldots,K_+) are used to reorder the Mu and Eta draws and the assignment matrix S. This results in an identified mixture model.

• Note that only iterations resulting in permutations are used for parameter estimation and deriving the final partition. Those MCMC iterations where the obtained classifications of the functionals are not a permutation of (1,\ldots,K_+) are discarded as no unique assignment of functionals to components can be made. If the non-permutation rate, i.e. the proportion of MCMC iterations where the obtained classifications of the functionals are not a permutation, is high, this is an indication of a poor clustering solution, as the functionals are not clearly separated.

Value

A named list containing:

• "S": reordered assignments.

• "Mu": reordered Mu matrix.

• "Eta": reordered weights.

• "non_perm_rate": proportion of draws where the clustering did not result in a permutation and hence no relabeling could be performed; this is the proportion of draws discarded.

Plot multivariate categorical data.

Description

Plots of the level combinations of pairs of variables are created where the size of the circle indicating a level combination is proportional to the frequency of the level combination.

Usage

plotBubble(x, bg = "grey")

Arguments

Value

NULL

Examples

with(chickwts, plotBubble(data.frame(cut(weight, 100 * 1:5), feed)))

Pairwise scatter plots of the data.

Description

Scatter plots of the observations are plotted by selecting pairs of dimensions, potentially colored by a known classification.

Usage

plotScatter(x, z, label = "", trim = 0)

Arguments

Value

NULL

Examples

plotScatter(iris[, 1:4], iris$Species, label = "dim")

Specify prior on \alpha.

Description

Obtain a function to evaluate the log prior specified for \alpha.

Usage

priorOnAlpha_spec(H = c("alpha_const", "gam_05_05", "gam_1_2", "F_6_3"))

Arguments

Details

The following prior specifications are supported:

• "alpha_const": \alpha is fixed at 1.

• "gam_05_05": \alpha \sim gamma(0.5, 0.5), i.e., shape = 0.5, rate = 0.5.

• "gam_1_2": \alpha \sim gamma(1, 2), i.e., shape = 1, rate = 2.

• "F_6_3": \alpha \sim F(6, 3), i.e., an F-distribution with degrees of freedom equal to 6 and 3.

Value

A named list containing:

• "log_pAlpha": a function of the log prior of \alpha.

• "param": a list with the parameters.

Specify prior on e0.

Description

Obtain a function to evaluate the log prior specified for e_0.

Usage

priorOnE0_spec(E = c("G_1_20", "e0const"), e0)

Arguments

Details

The following prior specifications are supported:

• "G_1_20": e_0 \sim gamma(1, 20), i.e., shape = 1, rate = 20.

• "e0const": e_0 is fixed at e0.

Value

A named list containing:

• "log_p_e0": a function of the log prior of e_0.

• "param": a list with the parameters.

Specify prior on K.

Description

Obtain a function to evaluate the log prior specified for K.

Usage

priorOnK_spec(
  P = c("fixedK", "Unif", "BNB_111", "BNB_212", "BNB_143", "BNB_443", "BNB_943",
    "Pois_1", "Pois_4", "Pois_9", "Geom_05", "Geom_02", "Geom_01", "NB_11", "NB_41",
    "NB_91"),
  K
)

Arguments

Details

The following prior specifications are supported:

• "fixedK": K has the fixed value K (second argument).

• "Unif": K \sim Unif[1,K], where the upper limit is given by K (second argument).

• "BNB_111": K-1 \sim BNB(1,1,1), i.e., K-1 follows a beta-negative binomial distribution with parameters (1,1,1).

• "BNB_212": K-1 \sim BNB(2,1,2), i.e., K-1 follows a beta-negative binomial distribution with parameters (2,1,2).

• "BNB_143": K-1 \sim BNB(1,2,1), i.e., K-1 follows a beta-negative binomial distribution with parameters (1,4,3).

• "BNB_443": K-1 \sim BNB(4,4,3), i.e., K-1 follows a beta-negative binomial distribution with parameters (4,4,3).

• "BNB_943": K-1 \sim BNB(9,4,3), i.e., K-1 follows a beta-negative binomial distribution with parameters (9,4,3).

• "Pois_1": K-1 \sim pois(1), i.e., K-1 follows a Poisson distribution with rate 1.

• "Pois_4": K-1 \sim pois(4), i.e., K-1 follows a Poisson distribution with rate 4.

• "Pois_9": K-1 \sim pois(9), i.e., K-1 follows a Poisson distribution with rate 9.

• "Geom_05": K-1 \sim geom(0.5), i.e., K-1 follows a geometric distribution with success probability p=0.5 and density f(x)=p(1-p)^x.

• "Geom_02": K-1 \sim geom(0.2), i.e., K-1 follows a geometric distribution with success probability p=0.2 and density f(x)=p(1-p)^x.

• "Geom_01": K-1 \sim geom(0.1), i.e., K-1 follows a geometric distribution with success probability p=0.1 and density f(x)=p(1-p)^x.

• "NB_11": K-1 \sim nbinom(1,0.5), i.e., K-1 follows a negative-binomial distribution with size=1 and p=0.5.

• "NB_41": K-1 \sim nbinom(4,0.5), i.e., K-1 follows a negative-binomial distribution with size=4 and p=0.5.

• "NB_91": K-1 \sim nbinom(9,0.5), i.e., K-1 follows a negative-binomial distribution with size=9 and p=0.5.

Value

A named list containing:

• "log_pK": a function of the log prior of K.

• "param": a list with the parameters.

Sample alpha conditional on partition and K using an Metropolis-Hastings step with log-normal proposal.

Description

Sample \alpha conditional on the current partition and value of K using an Metropolis-Hastings step with log-normal proposal.

Usage

sampleAlpha(N, Nk, K, alpha, s0_proposal, log_pAlpha)

Arguments

Value

A named list containing:

• "alpha": a numeric, the new \alpha value.

• "acc": logical indicating acceptance.

Sample e0 conditional on partition and K using an Metropolis-Hastings step with log-normal proposal.

Description

Sample e_0 conditional on the current partition and value of K using an Metropolis-Hastings step with log-normal proposal.

Usage

sampleE0(K, Kp, N, Nk, s0_proposal, e0, log_p_e0)

Arguments

Value

A named list containing:

• "e0": a numeric, the new e_0 value.

• "acc": logical indicating acceptance.

Sample K conditional on \alpha where e0 = \alpha/K.

Description

This sampling step only relies on the current partition and is independent of the current component-specific parameters, see Frühwirth-Schnatter et al (2021).

Usage

sampleK_alpha(Kp_j, Kmax, Nk_j, alpha, log_pK)

Arguments

Value

A number indicating the new value of K.

Sample K conditional on e0 (fixed or random, but not depending on K).

Description

This sampling step only relies on the current partition and is independent of the current component-specific parameters, see Frühwirth-Schnatter et al (2021).

Usage

sampleK_e0(Kp_j, Kmax, log_pK, log_p_e0, e0, N)

Arguments

Value

A number indicating the new value of K.

Telescoping sampling of the LCA model where a prior on the number of components K is specified.

Description

• The MCMC scheme is implemented as suggested in Frühwirth-Schnatter et al (2021).

• The priors on the model parameters are specified as in Frühwirth-Schnatter et al (2021), see the vignette for details and notation.

Usage

sampleLCA(
  y,
  S,
  pi,
  eta,
  a0,
  M,
  burnin,
  thin,
  Kmax,
  G = c("MixDynamic", "MixStatic"),
  priorOnK,
  priorOnWeights,
  verbose = FALSE
)

Arguments

Value

A named list containing:

• "Pi": sampled component-specific success probabilities.

• "Eta": sampled weights.

• "S": sampled assignments.

• "Nk": number of observations assigned to the different components, for each iteration.

• "K": sampled number of components.

• "Kplus": number of filled, i.e., non-empty components, for each iteration.

• "e0": sampled Dirichlet parameter of the prior on the weights (if e_0 is random).

• "alpha": sampled Dirichlet parameter of the prior on the weights (if \alpha is random).

• "acc": logical vector indicating acceptance in the Metropolis-Hastings step when sampling either e_0 or \alpha.

Examples

if (requireNamespace("poLCA", quietly = TRUE)) {
    data("carcinoma", package = "poLCA")
    y <- carcinoma
    N <- nrow(y)
    r <- ncol(y)
    
    M <- 200
    thin <- 1
    burnin <- 100
    Kmax <- 50  
    Kinit <- 10
    
    G <- "MixDynamic"
    priorOnAlpha <- priorOnAlpha_spec("gam_1_2")
    priorOnK <- priorOnK_spec("Pois_1")
    
    cat <- apply(y, 2, max)
    a0 <- rep(1, sum(cat))

    cl_y <- kmeans(y, centers = Kinit, iter.max = 20)
    S_0 <- cl_y$cluster
    eta_0 <- cl_y$size/N

    pi_0 <- do.call("cbind", lapply(1:r, function(j) {
        prop.table(table(S_0, y[, j]), 1)
    }))

    result <- sampleLCA(
        y, S_0, pi_0, eta_0, a0, 
        M, burnin, thin, Kmax, 
        G, priorOnK, priorOnAlpha)

    K <- result$K
    Kplus <- result$Kplus   
    
    plot(K, type = "l", ylim = c(0, max(K)),  
         xlab = "iteration", main = "",
         ylab = expression("K" ~ "/" ~ K["+"]), col = 1)
    lines(Kplus, col = 2)
    legend("topright", legend = c("K", expression(K["+"])),
           col = 1:2, lty = 1, box.lwd = 0)
}

Telescoping sampling of the mixture of LCA models where a prior on the number of components K is specified.

Description

• The MCMC scheme is implemented as suggested in Malsiner-Walli et al (2024).

• Also the priors on the model parameters are specified as in Malsiner-Walli et al (2024), see the vignette for details and notation.

Usage

sampleLCAMixture(
  y,
  S,
  L,
  pi,
  eta,
  mu,
  phi,
  a_00,
  a_mu,
  a_phi,
  b_phi,
  c_phi,
  d_phi,
  M,
  burnin,
  thin,
  Kmax,
  s_mu,
  s_phi,
  eps,
  G,
  priorOnWeights,
  d0,
  priorOnK,
  verbose = FALSE
)

Arguments

Value

A named list containing:

• "Eta": sampled weights.

• "S": sampled assignments.

• "K": sampled number of components.

• "Kplus": number of filled, i.e., non-empty components, for each iteration.

• "Nk": number of observations assigned to the different components, for each iteration.

• "Nl": number of observations assigned to the different classes within the components, for each iteration.

• "e0": sampled Dirichlet parameter of the prior on the weights (if e_0 is random).

• "alpha": sampled Dirichlet parameter of the prior on the weights (if \alpha is random).

• "acc": logical vector indicating acceptance in the Metropolis-Hastings step when sampling either e_0 or \alpha.

• "Mu": sampled central component occurrence probabilities.

• "Phi": sampled precisions.

• "acc_mu": the acceptance rate in the Metropolis-Hastings step when sampling \mu_{k,j}.

• "acc_phi": the acceptance rate in the Metropolis-Hastings step when sampling \phi_{k,j}.

• "nonnormpost_mode": parameter values corresponding to the mode of the nonnormalized posterior.

• "Pi_k": sampled weighted component occurrence probabilities.

Examples

data("SimData", package = "telescope")
y <- as.matrix(SimData[, 1:30])
z <- SimData[, 31]
N <- nrow(y)
r <- ncol(y)
    
M <- 5
thin <- 1
burnin <- 0
Kmax <- 50  
Kinit <- 10
    
G <- "MixDynamic"
priorOnAlpha <- priorOnAlpha_spec("gam_1_2")
priorOnK <- priorOnK_spec("Pois_1")
d0 <- 1  

cat <- apply(y, 2, max)
a_mu <- rep(20, sum(cat))
mu_0 <- matrix(rep(rep(1/cat, cat), Kinit),
  byrow = TRUE, nrow = Kinit)

c_phi <- 30; d_phi <- 1; b_phi <- rep(10, r)
a_phi <- rep(1, r)
phi_0 <- matrix(cat, Kinit, r, byrow = TRUE)

a_00 <- 0.05

s_mu <- 2; s_phi <- 2; eps <- 0.01 

set.seed(1234)
cl_y <- kmeans(y, centers = Kinit, nstart = 100, iter.max = 50)
S_0 <- cl_y$cluster
eta_0 <- cl_y$size/N

I_0 <- rep(1L, N)
L <- 2
for (k in 1:Kinit) {
  cl_size <- sum(S_0 == k)
  I_0[S_0 == k] <- rep(1:L, length.out = cl_size)
}

index <- c(0, cumsum(cat))
low <- (index + 1)[-length(index)]
up <- index[-1]

pi_km <- array(NA_real_, dim = c(Kinit, L, sum(cat)))
rownames(pi_km) <- paste0("k_", 1:Kinit)
for (k in 1:Kinit) {
  for (l in 1:L) {
    index <- (S_0 == k) & (I_0 == l)
    for (j in 1:r) {
      pi_km[k, l, low[j]:up[j]] <- tabulate(y[index, j], cat[j]) / sum(index)
    }
  }
}
pi_0 <- pi_km 

result <- sampleLCAMixture(
    y, S_0, L,
    pi_0, eta_0, mu_0, phi_0,
    a_00, a_mu, a_phi, b_phi, c_phi, d_phi,
    M, burnin, thin, Kmax,
    s_mu, s_phi, eps,
    G, priorOnAlpha, d0, priorOnK)

Telescoping sampling of a Bayesian finite multivariate Gaussian mixture where a prior on the number of components is specified.

Description

• The MCMC scheme is implemented as suggested in Frühwirth-Schnatter et al (2021).

• The priors on the model parameters are specified as in Frühwirth-Schnatter et al (2021), see the vignette for details and notation.

• The parameterizations of the Wishart and inverse Wishart distribution are used as in Frühwirth-Schnatter et al (2021), see also the vignette.

Usage

sampleMultNormMixture(
  y,
  S,
  mu,
  Sigma,
  eta,
  c0,
  g0,
  G0,
  C0,
  b0,
  B0,
  M,
  burnin,
  thin,
  Kmax,
  G = c("MixDynamic", "MixStatic"),
  priorOnK,
  priorOnWeights,
  verbose = FALSE
)

Arguments

Value

A named list containing:

• "Mu": sampled component means.

• "Eta": sampled weights.

• "S": sampled assignments.

• "Nk": number of observations assigned to the different components, for each iteration.

• "K": sampled number of components.

• "Kplus": number of filled, i.e., non-empty components, for each iteration.

• "e0": sampled Dirichlet parameter of the prior on the weights (if e_0 is random).

• "alpha": sampled Dirichlet parameter of the prior on the weights (if \alpha is random).

• "acc": logical vector indicating acceptance in the Metropolis-Hastings step when sampling either e_0 or \alpha.

Examples

y <- iris[, 1:4]
z <- iris$Species
r <- ncol(y)

M <- 50
thin <- 1
burnin <- 0
Kmax <- 40  
Kinit <- 10

G <- "MixStatic"      
priorOnE0 <- priorOnE0_spec("G_1_20", 1)
priorOnK <- priorOnK_spec("BNB_143")

R <- apply(y, 2, function(x) diff(range(x)))
b0 <- apply(y, 2, median)
B_0 <- rep(1, r)  
B0 <- diag((R^2) * B_0)
c0 <- 2.5 + (r-1)/2
g0 <- 0.5 + (r-1)/2
G0 <- 100 * g0/c0 * diag((1/R^2), nrow = r)
C0 <- g0 * chol2inv(chol(G0))

cl_y <- kmeans(y, centers = Kinit, nstart = 100)
S_0 <- cl_y$cluster
mu_0 <- t(cl_y$centers)

eta_0 <- rep(1/Kinit, Kinit)
Sigma_0 <- array(0, dim = c(r, r, Kinit))
Sigma_0[, , 1:Kinit] <- 0.5 * C0

result <- sampleMultNormMixture(
  y, S_0, mu_0, Sigma_0, eta_0,
  c0, g0, G0, C0, b0, B0,  
  M, burnin, thin, Kmax, G, priorOnK, priorOnE0)

K <- result$K
Kplus <- result$Kplus   

plot(K, type = "l", ylim = c(0, max(K)),
     xlab = "iteration", main = "",
     ylab = expression("K" ~ "/" ~ K["+"]), col = 1)
lines(Kplus, col = 2)
legend("topright", legend = c("K", expression(K["+"])),
       col = 1:2, lty = 1, box.lwd = 0)

Telescoping sampling of a Bayesian finite Poisson mixture with a prior on the number of components K.

Description

• The MCMC scheme is implemented as suggested in Frühwirth-Schnatter et al (2021).

• The priors on the model parameters are specified as in Frühwirth-Schnatter et al (2021) and Früwirth-Schnatter and Malsiner-Walli (2019), see the vignette for details and notation.

Usage

samplePoisMixture(
  y,
  S,
  mu,
  eta,
  a0,
  b0,
  h0,
  H0,
  M,
  burnin,
  thin,
  Kmax,
  G = c("MixDynamic", "MixStatic"),
  priorOnK,
  priorOnWeights,
  verbose = FALSE
)

Arguments

Value

A named list containing:

• "Mu": sampled rate \mu.

• "Eta": sampled weights.

• "S": sampled assignments.

• "Nk": number of observations assigned to the different components, for each iteration.

• "K": sampled number of components.

• "Kplus": number of filled, i.e., non-empty components, for each iteration.

• "e0": sampled Dirichlet parameter of the prior on the weights (if e_0 is random).

• "alpha": sampled Dirichlet parameter of the prior on the weights (if \alpha is random).

• "acc": logical vector indicating acceptance in the Metropolis-Hastings step when sampling either e0 or \alpha.

Examples

N <- 200
z <- sample(1:2, N, prob = c(0.5, 0.5), replace = TRUE)
y <- rpois(N, c(1, 6)[z])

M <- 200
thin <- 1
burnin <- 100

Kmax <- 50  
Kinit <- 10

G <- "MixDynamic"
priorOnAlpha <- priorOnAlpha_spec("gam_1_2")
priorOnK <- priorOnK_spec("BNB_143")

a0 <- 0.1 
h0 <- 0.5 
b0 <- a0/mean(y) 
H0 <- h0/b0

cl_y <- kmeans(y, centers = Kinit, nstart = 100)
S_0 <- cl_y$cluster
mu_0 <- t(cl_y$centers)
eta_0 <- rep(1/Kinit, Kinit)

result <- samplePoisMixture(
  y, S_0, mu_0, eta_0, 
  a0, b0, h0, H0,
  M, burnin, thin, Kmax, 
  G, priorOnK, priorOnAlpha)

K <- result$K
Kplus <- result$Kplus

plot(K, type = "l", ylim = c(0, max(K)), 
     xlab = "iteration", main = "",
     ylab = expression("K" ~ "/" ~ K["+"]), col = 1)
lines(Kplus, col = 2)
legend("topright", legend = c("K", expression(K["+"])),
       col = 1:2, lty = 1, box.lwd = 0)

Telescoping sampling of a Bayesian finite univariate Gaussian mixture where a prior on the number of components K is specified.

Description

• The MCMC scheme is implemented as suggested in Frühwirth-Schnatter et al (2021).

• The priors on the model parameters are specified as in Frühwirth-Schnatter et al (2021), see the vignette for details and notation.

• The parametrizations of the gamma and inverse gamma distribution are used as in Frühwirth-Schnatter et al (2021), see also the vignette.

Usage

sampleUniNormMixture(
  y,
  S,
  mu,
  sigma2,
  eta,
  c0,
  g0,
  G0,
  C0_0,
  b0,
  B0,
  M,
  burnin,
  thin,
  Kmax,
  G = c("MixDynamic", "MixStatic"),
  priorOnK,
  priorOnWeights,
  verbose = FALSE
)

Arguments

Value

A named list containing:

• "Mu": sampled component means.

• "Sigma2": sampled component component variances.

• "Eta": sampled weights.

• "S": sampled assignments.

• "Nk": number of observations assigned to the different components, for each iteration.

• "K": sampled number of components.

• "Kplus": number of filled, i.e., non-empty components, for each iteration.

• "e0": sampled Dirichlet parameter of the prior on the weights (if e_0 is random).

• "alpha": sampled Dirichlet parameter of the prior on the weights (if \alpha is random).

• "acc": logical vector indicating acceptance in the Metropolis-Hastings step when sampling either e_0 or \alpha.

Examples

if (requireNamespace("mclust", quietly = TRUE)) {
    data("acidity", package = "mclust")
    y <- acidity
    
    N <- length(y)
    r <- 1
    
    M <- 200
    thin <- 1
    burnin <- 100
    Kmax <- 50  
    Kinit <- 10
    
    G <- "MixStatic" 
    priorOnE0 <- priorOnE0_spec("e0const", 0.01)
    priorOnK <- priorOnK_spec("Pois_1", 50)
    
    R <- diff(range(y))
    c0 <- 2 + (r-1)/2
    C0 <- diag(c(0.02*(R^2)), nrow = r)
    g0 <- 0.2 + (r-1) / 2
    G0 <- diag(10/(R^2), nrow = r)
    B0 <- diag((R^2), nrow = r)
    b0 <- as.matrix((max(y) + min(y))/2, ncol = 1)  
    
    cl_y <- kmeans(y, centers = Kinit, nstart = 100)
    S_0 <- cl_y$cluster
    mu_0 <- t(cl_y$centers)
    eta_0 <- rep(1/Kinit, Kinit)
    sigma2_0 <- array(0, dim = c(1, 1, Kinit))
    sigma2_0[1, 1, ] <- 0.5 * C0

    result <- sampleUniNormMixture(
        y, S_0, mu_0, sigma2_0, eta_0,
        c0, g0, G0, C0, b0, B0,
        M, burnin, thin, Kmax,
        G, priorOnK, priorOnE0)
    
    K <- result$K
    Kplus <- result$Kplus  
    
    plot(K, type = "l", ylim = c(0, max(K)),
         xlab = "iteration", main = "",
         ylab = expression("K" ~ "/" ~ K["+"]), col = 1)
    lines(Kplus, col = 2)
    legend("topright", legend = c("K", expression(K["+"])),
           col = 1:2, lty = 1, box.lwd = 0)
}